Founded by Greeks in the eighth century BC, Naples can lay claim to being one of the oldest cities in Italy, and its history set it somewhat apart from counterparts farther north. As part of the Italian Wars, France went to war with Aragon over the kingdom in 1502; the war ended in an Aragonese victory that left Ferdinand II in full control of the kingdom by 1504. After the defeat of Frederick's son, Manfred, in 1266 Naples and the kingdom of Sicily were assigned by Pope Clement IV to Charles of Anjou, who moved the capital from Palermo to Naples. Further set-backs occurred with the earthquakes of 62 and 64 AD and the eruption of Vesuvius in 79. The battle of Patay (1429), during the Hundred Years' War.. Near Herculaneum, the buried private establishment known as the Villa of the Papyri yielded, in the mid-18th century, a treasure of antique sculpture and a group of papyrus scrolls presumed to belong to an ancient library. The Renaissance, the Reformation, new absolute monarchies, the voyages of discovery, great advances in science, architectural . Naples was not a merchant city as were other Campanian sea cities such as Amalfi and Gaeta, but had a respectable fleet that took part in the Battle of Ostia against the Saracens in 849. Boccaccio was the son of a Tuscan merchant . The French finally abandoned their claims to Naples by the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis in 1559. The patron specified what he or she wanted: what the subject was, which figures were to be included, often . In 1656 the plague killed almost half of the inhabitants of the city; this led to the beginning of a period of decline. The responsibility for designing banners, carts, costumes, and archways usually fell to the court artist. 17141734Flag changed after Charles VI became King. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Renaissance spread to Northern Europe around 1450 3. During Narses's expedition during the 550s, it was captured by the Empire once again. Therefore, when Napoleon returned to France for the Hundred Days in 1815, Murat once again sided with him. Duchy of Naples 661763Duchy of Naples 763840 In 1959, noted art historian Bernard Berenson likened the Renaissance relationship between artist and patron to one between a carpenter, tailor, or shoemaker and a customer placing an order. The peace treaties that continued were never definitive, but they established at least that the title of King of Naples was reserved for Ferdinand's grandson, the future Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. For other uses, see, Daniela Giampaola, Francesca Longobardo, Naples greek and roman, Electa Naples 2000. Naples has been conquered over 4 times. In architecture, however, Alfonso embraced a different style, cultivating Italian favor and satisfying his own interest in ancient history, with forms that derived from Rome. Under these early rulers the kingdom was at the height of its prosperity. Spain's wars crushed the Neapolitan economy. By the early 12th century the Normans had carved out a state in southern Italy and Sicily in areas formerly held by the Byzantines, Lombards, and Muslims. However, with most of the other powers, particularly Britain, hostile towards him and dependent on the uncertain support of Austria, Murat's position became less and less secure. Napoleon first annexed the kingdom to France, then declared it independent, with Joseph as king (March 30, 1806). Charles VIII expelled Alfonso II of Naples from Naples in 1495, but was soon forced to withdraw due to the support of Ferdinand II of Aragon for his cousin, Alfonso II's son Ferrantino. Since the Angevins remained in power on the Italian peninsula, they kept the original name of the Kingdom of Sicily (regnum Siciliae). The opening of the funicular railway to Mount Vesuvius was occasion for the writing of the famous song "Funicul, Funicul", one more song in the centuries long tradition of Neapolitan song. The two competing Angevin lines contested each other for the possession of the Kingdom of Naples over the following decades. Learn about famous people during the Renaissance. This first king of the House of Bourbon tried to introduce legislative and administrative reforms, but they were stopped as the first news of the French Revolution reached the city. Although Livy's history may be biased, he said that Neapolis attacked Romans who lived in Campania and, after Rome's request for redress was rebuffed, it declared war and the two consular armies headed for Campania.[20]. At the end of the War of the Vespers, the Peace of Caltabellotta (1302) provided that the name of the kingdom would be Kingdom of Sicily citra Farum had become known colloquially as the Kingdom of Naples (regnum Neapolitanum or regno di Napoli). Updates? As she was childless, she adopted Louis I, Duke of Anjou, as her heir, in spite of the claims of her cousin, the Prince of Durazzo, effectively setting up a junior Angevin line in competition with the senior line. Diana and Actaeon. Beyond dispatching troops to fight the Eighty Years' War in the Low Countries, Naples also disbursed a third of the military expenditures accruing to the Spanish controlled Duchy of Milan and paid for the Spanish garrisons in Tuscany. In 1194 Henry started his second campaign upon the death of Tancred, but this time Aligerno surrendered without resistance, and finally Henry conquered Sicily, putting it under the rule of Hohenstaufens. The Greek culture of Naples was important to later Roman society. In 615, under Giovanni Consino, Naples rebelled for the first time against the Exarch of Ravenna, the emperor's plenipotentiary in Italy. Naples was founded by the ancient Greeks in the 8th century B.C.E. In the prevailing anarchy, feudalism gained a firm hold on both kingdoms. When Ferrante died in 1494, Charles VIII of France invaded Italy, using as a pretext the Angevin claim to the throne of Naples, which his father had inherited in 1481 on the will of Charles IV of Anjou, nephew and heir of King Ren who had no surviving son. After the War of the Spanish Succession in the early 18th century, the possession of the kingdom again changed hands; the 1714 Treaty of Rastatt saw Naples given to Charles VI of the Austrian Habsburgs. We use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. One of many Neapolitan landmarks to bear interchangeable names, it is known locally as the Maschio Angioino, in reference to Charles's Angevin origins and from the southern Italian convention that a show . [13], In 423 BC Capua, the great Etruscan stronghold-granary,[14] was conquered by the Samnites[15] and the original Oscan-speaking citizens were given more freedom. Renaissance Naples's local variant of "feudal humanism," which concerned itself with the problems and values of the ruling baronial elite, . The Renaissance gave birth to some of the most famous names that we know today. In 1839 Naples was the first city in Italy to have a railway, with the Napoli-Portici line. After a period of Norman rule, in 1189 the Kingdom of Sicily was in a succession dispute between Tancred, King of Sicily of an illegitimate birth and the Hohenstaufens, a German royal house,[28] as its Prince Henry had married Princess Constance the last legitimate heir to the Sicilian throne. Augustus attended in 14 AD.[23]. client state of the First French RepublicKingdom of Naples 17991806 Kingdom of Naples 18061815 Southern Italy had been governed over the centuries by Byzantine, Lombard, Islamic, Norman, and Hohenstaufen rule. During Charles' reign new Gothic churches were also built, including Santa Chiara, San Lorenzo Maggiore and the Cathedral of Naples. It was built on a plateau sloping from north to south which allowed space for a new city. The city has seen the rise and fall of several civilisations and cultures, each of which has left traces in its art and architecture, and during the Renaissance[5] and the Enlightenment was a major centre of culture. During the decline of the Roman Empire, Naples suffered with all the Italian Peninsula, and, having espoused the Gothic cause, drew, in 536, the vengeance of the Roman commander Belisarius. You can change your cookie settings at any time. The Emperor Napoleon first named his brother Joseph Bonaparte to be King and then his brother-in-law and Marshal Joachim Murat in 1808, when Joseph was given the Spanish crown. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Photo: Metaweb (FB) / Public domain. Other elements of the relief point to the old chivalric ideals associated with the Knights of the Round Table and allude to Napless possession of one of Christendoms greatest relics, the Holy Grail. It became the capital of Italy in 1266. Misenum became the major naval base on the Tyrrhenian Sea and even Baiae was a strong competitor for tourism and thermal bathing. Florence In January 1799, the French armies installed a Parthenopaean Republic, but this proved short-lived, and a peasant counter-revolution inspired by the clergy allowed Ferdinand to return to his capital. In 1927 Naples absorbed some nearby communities; the 1860 population of 450,000 increased to 1,250,000 in 1971. Naples provided and paid for 10,000 troops and 1,000 horses annually from 1630 to 1643, on top of a 1 million ducat annual subsidy for the war effort and more funds and soldiers for the kingdom's garrisons and navy. Serious revolts broke out in 1820, when Ferdinand I was forced to grant a constitution, and again in 1848 under Ferdinand II, when Sicily tried to win its independence. In 1502 Castilian general Gonzalo Fernndez de Crdoba entered in the city. From 1631 to 1636 alone, Naples sent 53,500 soldiers and 3.5 million scudi to support the Spanish king. More than 16 centuries later, in 1738, systematic excavation of the buried towns was inaugurated at Herculaneum, under the aegis of the Neapolitan Bourbonsinitiating discoveries that would profoundly influence Western aesthetic and scientific concepts and transform our knowledge of the ancient world. What is Naples famous for? Posted on May 25, 2022 [2] This left the Neapolitan mainland under the possession of Charles of Anjou. The Cathedral of Naples is also dedicated to St. Gennaro. Ren of Anjou temporarily united the claims of junior and senior Angevin lines. In that period he could not imagine the consequences, but this settlement began a process which eventually led to the end of the independence of Naples. It was preceded by the Middle Ages in Europe and eventually led to other major events such as the Age of Enlightenment.In historical terms the Renaissance is important because it led to a major shift in European thought and worldview. While the soldiers of Naples were under the command of the Spanish viceroy, Neapolitan nobles enjoyed ascendancy in the assemblies and committees that financed and administered the army. After Napoleon's defeat in 1814, Murat reached an agreement with Austria and was allowed to retain the throne of Naples, despite the lobbying efforts of Ferdinand and his supporters. Having again chosen the losing side the city declined economically. Lorenzo di Piero de' Medici (Italian: [lorntso de mditi]), known as Lorenzo the Magnificent (Italian: Lorenzo il Magnifico; 1 January 1449 - 8 April 1492), was an Italian statesman, banker, de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic, and the most powerful and enthusiastic patron of Renaissance culture in Italy. rebirth What 'Renaissance' means. Patronage was among his tools. Despite the two Kingdoms being in a personal union under the Habsburg and Bourbon dynasties, they remained constitutionally separate. Under Augustus the city began to recover and the city became a flourishing centre of Hellenistic culture that attracted Romans who wished to perfect their knowledge of Greek culture. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. With the Restoration of 1815, the kingdom, now officially called the Two Sicilies, eventually aligned with the conservative states of Europe. Finally, in 1442, Naples fell to Alfonso of Aragon, who assumed the title King of the Two Sicilies (Sicily and Naples). [29] The conquest The word renaissance in French, (rinascimento in Italian) literally means "rebirth," and the era is best known for the . The attempt failed wasted time to the advantage of the Romans; when he reached Capua he found it already garrisoned. The villa was never uncovered, and its 18th-century tunnels of approach were reopened only in 1987. Politically, it was one of the most centralized states of Europe, economically it was a major commercial centre and grain producer, and culturally it was a point of diffusion of Greek and Arab learning into western Europe. [6] After Constance, Queen of Sicily married Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, the region was inherited by their son Frederick II, as King of Sicily. Lorenzo Valla, Latin Laurentius Vallensis, (born 1407, Rome, Papal States [Italy]died August 1, 1457, Rome), Italian humanist, philosopher, and literary critic who attacked medieval traditions and anticipated views of the Protestant reformers.. Valla was the son of a lawyer employed at the papal court. Later, Muhammad I Abu 'l-Abbas led its Muslim conquest of Naples and managed to sack it and take huge amount of its wealth. Kingdom of NaplesKingdom of Naples 14581501Kingdom of Naples 15011504 The promotion of Neapolis to a Roman municipium meant the loss of part of its autonomy, although the administration of Greek tradition still remained in force. The Italian Renaissance began the opening phase of the Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the period from the end of the fourteenth century to about 1600, marking the transition between Medieval and Early Modern Europe.. Due to this excessive taxation the people of Naples rose in revolt in 1647, forming the Neapolitan Republic with French assistance. The Athenians soon created a network of commercial relations in the Tyrrhenian sea. However, due to this behaviour, Neapolis profoundly damaged its relations with Cumae. But his harsh rule and heavy taxation provoked the revolt known as the Sicilian Vespers (1282), which resulted in the political separation of Sicily from the mainland and in the acquisition of the islands crown by the Spanish house of Aragon. Naples also has ferry connections to nearby islands and Sorrento, and fast rail connections to Rome and the south. Corrections? Being a member of the House of Bourbon, Ferdinand IV was a natural opponent of the French Revolution and Napoleon. Four funicular railways were opened between 1889 and 1931. Charles III's daughter Joanna II (r. 14141435) adopted Alfonso V of Aragon (whom she later repudiated) and Louis III of Anjou as heirs alternately, finally settling succession on Louis' brother Ren of Anjou of the junior Angevin line, and he succeeded her in 1435. In 1027, duke Sergius IV donated the county of Aversa to a band of Norman mercenaries led by Rainulf Drengot, whose support he had needed in the war with the principality of Capua. In 79 ce the great eruption of Vesuvius buried the seaside towns of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Stabiae, also engulfing many villas confidently constructed on the slopes of a mountain that had not erupted for more than seven centuries. However, the city continued to function as a regional port, as evidenced by the abundant archaeological finds in Piazza del Municipio. Naples was rich enough to redeem the debt and pay an attractive ten percent in full to lenders. Of these, an evocative example may be visited at Mergellina, at the Crypta Neapolitana, beside the Roman tumulus long venerated as the Tomb of Virgil, in tribute to the Mantuan poet who celebrated the Neapolitan ambience in the sixth book of his Aeneid and composed the Georgics there between 37 and 30 bce. The kingdom had been divided in two, but Naples grew in importance: Pisan and Genoese merchants were joined by Tuscan bankers, and with them came outstanding artists such as Boccaccio, Petrarca, and Giotto. Charles transferred the capital from Palermo, Sicily, to Naples, a shift that reflected the orientation of his policy toward northern Italy, where he was leader of the Guelf (pro-papal) party. [4], Naples, which was the capital of the Duchy of Naples since the 7th century, surrendered to Roger II of Sicily in 1137, and was annexed to the Kingdom of Sicily. [9] This was actually more than was raised in the same time by Castile, which had a population twice the size. The Catacombs of St. Januarius, on the Capodimonte slope, antedate in their earliest section the saints legendary decapitation in 305 ce and are extremely interesting historically and for paleo-Christian decoration. Upon the order of the restored monarchy, Admiral Horatio Nelson arrested the leaders of the revolution and handed them over for execution Francesco Caracciolo, Mario Pagano, Ettore Carafa, and Eleonora Fonseca Pimentel. The airport of Capodichino has connections across Europe. Written by Shirley Hazzard Novelist and writer on Italian cultural themes. The Camorra, the feuding Neapolitan gangs and families, have a long history. In 1389 Louis II of Anjou son of Louis I managed to seize the throne from Ladislas of Naples son of Charles III, but was expelled by Ladislas in 1399. It served as the capital of the Duchy of Naples (6611139), of the Kingdom of Sicily, of the Kingdom of Naples (12821816) and finally of the Two Sicilies until the unification of Italy in 1861. Venice 3. Neapolis was soon able to replace Cumae in maritime trade and to take control of the stretch of sea from the Cumaean gulf to the Neapolitan gulf. [5] The Normans were the first to bring political unity to southern Italy in the centuries after the failure of the Byzantine effort to reconquer Italy. Under the empire, Naples and its environs served as a centre of Greek culture and erudition and as a pleasure resort for a succession of emperors and wealthy Romans, whose coastal villas extended from Misenum on the Gulf of Pozzuoli (the ancient Puteoli) to the Sorrentine peninsula. In the Treaty of London (1557), five cities on the coast of Tuscany were designated the Stato dei Presidi (State of the Presidi), and part of the Kingdom of Naples. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/place/Kingdom-of-Naples, The Napoleon Series - Joachim Murat and the Kingdom of Naples. Ferdinand nevertheless continued in possession of the kingdom, being considered the legitimate heir of his uncle Alfonso I of Naples (Alfonso V of Aragon) and also to the former Kingdom of Sicily (Regnum Utriusque Siciliae). Armed with great pre-trip advice from people who know and love the city, bolstered by on-the-ground help from a local tour guide, and taken in by the warmth of the people I met along the way, I ended up falling in love with Naples and have been dreaming about a return ever since. The city was also celebrated for its many feasts and spectacles. The inscription on the front identifies Alfonso as king of the Two Sicilies (note the crown below) and lord of a long list of other dominions. In early 1806 Napoleon conquered the Kingdom of Naples. The settlement was built on the Pizzofalcone promontory allowing control of sea traffic in the area. At the time of the Lombard invasion, Naples had a population of about 30,000-35,000. The Renaissance is an important event in European history that stretched from the 14th century to the 17th century. The ensuing Neapolitan War between Murat and the Austrians was short, ending with a decisive victory for the Austrian forces at the Battle of Tolentino. Naples enjoyed a brief period of prosperity and importance in Italian affairs under Robert, king of Naples (1309-43), but from the mid-14th to the 15th century, the history of the kingdom was a story of dynastic disputes within the Angevin house. The war deprived Neapolis of its fleet and of the island of Ischia, and compromised its trade to the advantage of Puteoli. As the most populous holding of the Spanish Empire outside of Castile itself (with 3 million inhabitants in 1600),[7] Naples remained an important source of economic and military power for the Spanish.

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