Cardiac death was defined as death from CAD, heart failure, or arrhythmia, and death was attributed to cardiac events unless non-cardiac death could be clearly identified. Several types of liver disease can cause a rise in GGT, including: But high GGT levels alone arent enough for your doctor to know if you have liver disease. Elevated serum uric acid in nondiabetic people mark pro-inflammatory state and HDL dysfunction and independently predicts coronary disease. The total number of patients who suffered nonfatal MI was 43, the difference between high and normal GGT group was insignificant (n = 9 [3.5%] vs. n = 34 [1.8%], P = .107). Among young drivers, the traditional association between blood alcohol concentration and accidents was strongly associated. Available from: University of Rochester Medical Center [Internet]. GGT stands for gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase or gamma-glutamyl transferase. which enables users to obtain detailed information and reports based on their genome. Its a blood test, so a nurse will take a sample of your blood from a vein in your arm. The number of patients with GGT level over 2 ULN), 3 ULN, and 5 ULN were 47 (2.1%), 14 (0.6%), and 9 (0.4%), respectively. Lazzeri C, Valente S, Tarquini R, et al. [20]. One clinical study in 2.4k men found elevated GGT levels to be associated with an increased risk of dementia [73]. In cats with EHBDO, serum GGT activity may increase up to 2-fold within 3 days, 2- to 6-fold within 5 days, 3- to 12-fold within 1 wk, and 4- to . Circulation 2005;112:21307. Interestingly, there was significant difference of discharge medication between 2 groups. Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is primarily present in kidney, liver, and pancreatic cells. These include older anti-seizure medications (such as phenytoin, phenobarbital, and carbamazepine) [79, 80, 81, 82]. Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is a cell surface enzyme. The association between high GGT levels and all-cause mortality was stronger in patients under the age of 65 years (P for interaction, .019) and in those had high HDL-C (P for interaction, .002), but the HR value of each subgroup showed just a slight difference. [21]. [Internet]. We do not aim to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any illness or disease. Today, SelfDecode has helped over 100,000 people understand how to get healthier using their DNA and labs. Raised levels may be a sign of liver disease or damaged bile ducts [1]. When the liver is damaged, GGT may leak into the bloodstream. The levels of this enzyme are highest in the bone and the liver. Studies suggest a high level of fish oil (about 1,000 mg. per 10 pounds of body weight for dog with high lipid levels; about half that amount for dogs with normal levels) is helpful to dogs with . Interestingly, high GGT exhibited worse clinical outcomes in the female and in patients with STEMI and normal LVEF. For example, doctors often also recommend other tests, including one related to alkaline phosphatase (ALP), another enzyme that can build up in your blood if your liver isnt working well. Abstract gamma-Glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity in canine kidney, pancreas, and liver is similar to previously reported values for other species. to maintaining your privacy and will not share your personal information without These conditions are caused by a number of factors, including drug and alcohol abuse, toxins, or viruses [42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47]. Eur Heart J 2011;32:29993054. [15]. Further studies also linked high GGT to death from coronary heart disease [23, 24]. However, a genetic study looking at 26 GGT-related gene variations (single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)) and the risk of Alzheimers disease found no correlation between the two [71, 72]. Investigators of National Registry of. 8 No definitive studies determining the half-life of GGT have been performed in cats or dogs. Assess disease risk: Elevated levels of GGT are linked to increased risk of disease and disease-related death [ 22, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 ]. The same process was used for subgroup analyses to evaluate differences according to age, gender, STEMI or Non ST-segment elevation MI (NSTEMI), body mass index (BMI), high or low levels of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), high or low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (HDL-C), hypertriglyceridemia (triglyceride >150), glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c), and LVEF 50% at the first echocardiography after the indexed PCI. Third, although many possible hypotheses of the mechanisms of GGT have existed, no clear evidence was proven. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for mortality according to the 2 groups of serum GGT. Dr. Julie Buzby January 6, 2022 92 Comments Share Finding out your senior dog's blood work showed a high ALP can be confusing and concerning. Heart 2013;99:1637. 9 [17] The patterns of alteration in the composition of lipid profile were wide in various previous reports, but a consensus about active inflammatory changes after AMI was developed. Cutlip DE, Windecker S, Mehran R, et al. In 2 studies of coronary calcification and hypertension in Korea, GGT level was an independent predictor in men but not women. However, a recent meta-analysis found no link between the two. Any liver injury causes a peak increase in ALT level in dogs. ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Align your health hacks with your genes for optimal health & cognitive function. The use of statins could be a confounding factor, but unfortunately there was no information about either the usage of statin at the time of blood sampling or the level of LDL-C at the time of discharge in our registry. [17]. Elevated GGT levels are associated with an increased risk for coronary heart disease [29, 22]. The secondary objectives were to evaluate the association between high GGT levels and cardiac death and recurrent non-fatal MI. Immediate post-procedural and in-hospital events were recorded. Gainesville (FL): University of Florida Health; c2020. The same study that showed fruits and vegetables reduced GGT found that eating red meat over 10 years increased GGT levels [88, 10]. As previously explained, GGT is an enzyme associated with lipid metabolism and oxidative stress; therefore, the level of serum GGT at admission may reflect the degree of baseline change in lipid metabolism and inflammation after AMI, which may have implications for prognosis. Dogs with elevated levels of bilirubin may be checked for liver disease or other conditions related to his liver function. GGT is an enzyme found throughout the body, but it is mostly found in the liver. GGT can be elevated in patients with Alzheimers disease. Rochester (NY): University of Rochester Medical Center; c2020. From the liver, it normally moves into the intestinal tract along with bile through the bile ducts. [7,8] However, studies of the association between serum GGT levels and long-term clinical outcomes in patients with acute MI (AMI) have included only a few patients with ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI) and yielded inconsistent results. Normal levels of GGT in the presence of increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) point to bone disease [16]. This discrepancy may also be because of the inclusion of an insufficient number of NSTEMI patients. Paolicchi A, Minotti G, Tonarelli P, et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial License 4.0 (CCBY-NC), where it is permissible to download, share, remix, transform, and buildup the work provided it is properly cited. Drinking coffee decreased GGT levels in 1,300 Japanese men (independent of other risk factors) [85]. Watch NEWSMAX LIVE for the latest news and analysis on today's top stories, right here on Facebook. Obstructive liver disease, like bile duct blockage or damage. Circulation 2005;112:207880. The normal reference range was 9 to 85 U/L for males and 5 to 55 U/L for females.[13]. In our multivariable analysis, the high LDL-C tended to be preventive for mortality (100 mg/dL; HR = 0.81 P = .139) or LDL (as continuous variable, mg/dL; HR 1.0, P = .309), but it was not statistically significant. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. If your blood GGT level is between 15 U/L and 85 U/L, you probably do not have an underlying health problem. Patients with elevated GGT had significantly higher all-cause mortality compared to patients with normal GGT (21.9% vs. 14.4%, P = .001). SelfDecode has the strictest sourcing guidelines in the health industry and we almost exclusively link to medically peer-reviewed studies, usually on PubMed. Liu CF, Zhou WN, Fang NY. Contact a health care provider if you have questions about your health. Comment * document.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "a9a21e0fb353bc51713be8e12c39dc3d" );document.getElementById("a6cbe26769").setAttribute( "id", "comment" ); Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. This type of problem is characterized by an impairment, or failure, of bile flow, which is known as cholestasis. Our study reported a higher percentage of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and higher killip classes in women, whereas current smoking, obesity, familial history of CAD, and presentation as STEMI tended to be more in men. Elevated GGT was also associated with death of cardiac causes with statistical significance. High levels of GGT usually indicate present disease or a higher risk of disease. Gamma glutamyl transferase and metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and mortality risk: the Framingham Heart Study. GGT alone does not directly cause a particular disease or disorder. Differences in discrete variables were analyzed using a chi-square or Fisher's exact test and expressed as counts and percentages. GGT levels are reportedly higher in patients with CAD than in the general population, and GGT levels are higher in patients with NSTEMI and STEMI than in patients with unstable angina. There is very little risk to having a blood test. Elevated liver biochemical test levels may be found in up to 50% of patients with simple steatosis and are present in 80% of patient with advanced NAFLD. According to several clinical studies, elevated GGT levels increase overall cancer risk [32, 60]. Elevated levels of both enzymes point to a liver or biliary tract disease. In this study, high GGT was more significant in patients who were younger than 65 years or who had normal left ventricular function. All-cause mortality during the entire follow-up period was significantly higher in the high GGT group than the normal GGT group (21.9% vs. 14.4%, P = .001 by the log-rank test). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0. Patient follow-up was conducted during office visits or through telephone interviews at 1, 6, and 12 months and annually thereafter. Together your results may show one of the following: If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider. Your GGT level of 103 is a High GGT level. The first model used the variables described above (model 1), and the second model used the following combinations of the presence or absence of fatty liver and serum GGT levels (a mean value of 50 U/L was the cut-off): nonfatty liver and a serum GGT level <50 U/L, fatty liver and a serum GGT level <50 U/L, nonfatty liver and a serum GGT level . Therefore, optimal levels of GGT are below the reference range midpoint (based on age and gender). On this basis, we repeated the same survival analysis on each sex group. Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis (FIC) includes inherited (genetic) disorders, usually observed in infants and children. ROC curve analyses were done to find out the cutoff value. Gender differences in epicardial and tissure-level reperfusion in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute, [25]. ALP tests help diagnose bone disorders. We excluded patients who were not indicated for PCI based on coronary angiography to strengthen the homogeneity of the study population. laboratory tests, reference ranges, and understanding results, https://liverfoundation.org/for-patients/about-the-liver/diagnosing-liver-disease/#1503683241165-6d0a5a72-83a9, http://www.clinlabnavigator.com/gamma-glutamyltransferase.html, https://labtestsonline.org/tests/gamma-glutamyl-transferase-ggt, https://www.mayocliniclabs.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/8677, https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/blood-tests, https://ufhealth.org/gamma-glutamyl-transferase-ggt-blood-test, https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=167&contentid=gamma_glutamyl_transpeptidase, https://patient.uwhealth.org/healthwise/article/zd1486, https://patient.uwhealth.org/healthwise/article/hw144350, What You Need to Know About Blood Testing, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Figure out if liver damage is due to liver disease or a, High levels of ALP and high levels of GGT means your symptoms are likely due to liver disorder and. Compared with the normal GGT group, the high GGT group had an age and sex adjusted HR for death of 1.97 (P < .0001, Model 1). Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase: independent predictor of risk of diabetes, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and coronary disease. GGT is elevated in liver/biliary tract disease or as a result of moderate to excessive alcohol consumption. Multiple dogs being transported in a truck through Lake Station on Thursday died of heat-related illness after temperatures in the truck's cargo area reached dangerous levels, according . Growing up, he suffered from inflammation, brain fog, fatigue, digestive problems, insomnia, anxiety, and other issues that were poorly understood in traditional healthcare. It is located throughout the human body with the highest levels being in the kidneys, intestines, liver, prostate gland, and gallbladder. However, in cats with feline hepatic lipidosis, GGT is generally only mildly elevated. We recorded demographic data, cardiovascular risk factors, and laboratory data for all patients. Washington D.C.: American Association for Clinical Chemistry; c20012020. Symptoms typically develop between four and seven . General symptoms. J Investig Med 1999;47:15160. Clin Chim Acta 1987;167:197209. modify the keyword list to augment your search. However, this was a small study and further research is needed [93]. Clin Rheumatol 2013;32:176775. We constructed Kaplan-Meier curves to the end points for patients with normal GGT or high GGT, and differences between the groups were assessed by the log-rank test. Investigation: Jae Gyung Kim, Kiyuk Chang, Ki-Bae Seung. Patient GGT levels were non-normally distributed, and a high GGT level, defined as above the normal range, was observed in 256 patients (11.4%). HRs were adjusted for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, current smoking, BMI 25 kg/m. Looking after your liver What is GGT? In landmark analysis, the effect of high GGT group on the long-term mortality after 30 days after indexed PCI was consistent with the result of overall period death (adjusted HR 1.81, P = .009), but there was no difference in early 30 days mortality between 2 groups. Available from: UW Health [Internet]. Choo EH, Chang K, Ahn Y, et al. Jneid H, Anderson JL, Wright RS, et al. Genetic factors affect GGT levels, dependent on age, and contribute to about 1/3 to 2/3 of GGT levels [96, 97, 98]. In dogs with EHBDO, serum GGT activity increases 1- to 4-fold above normal within 4 days, and 10- to 50-fold within 1-2 wk. Frustrated by the lack of good information and tools, Joe decided to embark on a learning journey to decode his DNA and track his biomarkers in search of better health. The information on this website has not been evaluated by the Food & Drug Administration or any other medical body. [26] As an alternative explanation, BMI differed significantly between the normal and high GGT groups and between men and women. It is characterized by the decreased flow of bile from the liver. Recently, various subtypes of GGTs with specific functions have been studied. Highlight selected keywords in the article text. In a larger study of 1.5k subjects with hyperthyroidism, GGT levels were normal [74, 75]. Third, our study population is unique in that we included both STEMI and NSTEMI patients and all patients underwent PCI with drug eluting stent. [19] In our AMI population, the proportion of patients with high GGT levels who did not have overt liver disease exceeded 11%, and the results were statistically significant after adjusting for liver markers such as AST, ALT, and ALP. [27]. We do not know if . High levels of GGT in the blood may be a sign of liver disease or damage to the bile ducts. Although GGT is mainly seen as an indicator for liver function and alcohol consumption, several studies showed that it is associated with morbidity and mortality from causes other than liver disease, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). Available from: UF Health: University of Florida Health [Internet]. When we analyzed cardiac death separately, the association of GGT level was consistent with the former result (multivariable-adjusted HR 1.86 P = .037) (Fig. This increase can be detected in a serum sample. AMI was diagnosed based on characteristic clinical symptoms, serial changes on electrocardiograms (ECGs) consistent with infarction, and increased cardiac enzyme values. ALP - Alkaline phosphatase is found in bone, kidney, bowel (intestines) and the placenta (if pregnant), as well as the liver. For example, GGT levels are measured when alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is high. [2] Furthermore, many studies have reported an association between serum GGT levels and various established cardiovascular disease risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and coronary artery disease (CAD). Among these, 2281 patients who had serum GGT values were available were enrolled. Clin Chim Acta 2013;417:1925. Correlates and reference limits of plasma gamma-glutamyltransferase fractions from the Framingham Heart Study. [3]. This association may reflect difference in nature of coronary obstruction in STEMI and NSTEMI. [33]. Gamma Glutamyl Transferase; p. 314. Franzini M, Bramanti E, Ottaviano V, et al. There was a striking 34% to 39% reduction in mortality in patients with BMI 25 kg/m2 at Table 2 and the patients with BMI 25 kg/m2 were more in men than women. [12] To avoid unreasonable deviation of GGT level, the data were trimmed with exclusion of extreme values. Tests for gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) are important in the diagnosis of liver/biliary tract disease and useful in identifying alcohol abuse. Elevated levels of GGT point to high glutathione use in the body and oxidative stress. The primary function of GGT is the breakdown and recycling of glutathione, the most important antioxidant in the human body [4, 5]. GGT may increase oxidative stress, starting with the breakdown of glutathione (and production of cysteinylglycine). Statistical analyses were performed using the statistical package SPSS V.20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) and MedCalc V.12.7 (MedCalc Software, Mariakerke, Belgium). Acta Diabetol 2013;50:215. Many fruits and vegetables contain moderate to high amounts of natural antioxidants. [23]. In a few early studies, elevated GGT levels have been associated with some types of cancer [61, 62]: One study in 10k Korean men found that the risk of chronic kidney disease was greater in patients with elevated GGT levels. This enzyme is found within individual liver cells. This is usually caused by bile duct obstructions from one or more conditions including gallstones, inflammation, injury, infection, cysts, and/or carcinomas (cancer) [16, 48, 49]. Your GGT level of 125 is a High GGT level. GGT levels are elevated following prolonged alcohol use. Maintaining normal/optimal levels of glutathione in the body has a wide range of health benefits [13, 14, 15]. This gene controls the bile salt export pump, which drives bile flow [94]. If liver cells break down for any reason, it is released into the blood. Other names: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, GGTP, Gamma-GT, GTP. A GGT test can also help doctors diagnose or manage several other medical issues: Other conditions that can raise your GGT level include congestive heart failure and diabetes. Alkaline phosphatase is also present in the liver, as well as bone, placenta and other locations. Reddy VS, Bui QT, Jacobs JR, et al. In the GGT test, a healthcare professional measures the levels of GGT in a sample. 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC, an Internet Brands company. In general, LDL-C is the most important determinants of atherosclerotic events in the lipid profile. High-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), uric acid, and serum triglyceride were positively associated with high serum GGT levels, and the difference of them was also significant. Clinical studies found an association between elevated GGT levels and an increased risk of heart failure, even when values fell within the normal range [26, 27, 28]. It suggests the independent role of GGT on inflammation process apart from the level of lipids and liver enzymes. Ha KH, Kim HC. GGT is an enzyme found throughout the body, but it is mostly found in the liver. Atrial fibrillation causes rapid irregular heart beating. Tests for GGT measure the level of the enzyme in the blood. To determine whether male and female patients with AMI differed with baseline risk factors and treatment, we repeated analysis of baseline characteristics after re-grouping. Heparin plus a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor versus bivalirudin monotherapy and paclitaxel-eluting stents versus bare-metal stents in acute, [32]. Bone mineral density (BMD) represents overall bone health and strength. Does fatty liver cause high SGPT? Anal Biochem 2008;374:16. Your email address will not be published. Our goal is to not have a single piece of inaccurate information on this website. [29]. Health conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, stomach cancer, or liver disease can cause many of the same symptoms -- stomach pain, fatigue, and a lack of appetite. Madison (WI): University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics Authority; c2021. Future clinical studies need to address the risk of other disease states within normal GGT ranges. The degree of elevation in GGT levels in your pet does not necessarily indicate how severe its liver problem is or will become. [26]. After the procedure, aspirin was prescribed indefinitely, and clopidogrel was prescribed for at least 6 months. Especially in long-term mortality after 30th day, the association was observed only in females. Age, gender, exercise, weight, pregnancy, diet, and medications can all influence GGT levels in the body [8, 9, 10]. If your blood GGT level is between 15 U/L and 85 U/L, you probably do not have an underlying health problem. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2014. Required fields are marked *. Smaller amounts are found in the pancreas, lungs, testis, and thyroid gland. Usually, the higher the level of GGT, the greater the level of damage to the liver. GGT catalyzes the first step in the extracellular degradation of glutathione. The prognostic role of gamma-glutamyltransferase activity in non-diabetic ST-elevation. This study has several limitations. Severe obesity (BMI >30 kg/m2) is commonly considered as a predictor of worse outcomes, and the mortality of overt obese (BMI >30 kg/m2; n = 97, 11.3%) group tended to be higher than that of overweight (BMI of 2530 kg/m2; n = 731, 9.7%) group in our AMI patients, but it was not statistically significant (HR = 1.21, Log rank, P = .557). Read more about other . Although there was no statistical significance, the lower the HbA1c level of subgroups, the association tended to be stronger with GGT that could be an implication in the same vein. Vegetarian iron contributes to overall iron levels in the body much less than meat sources. Akpek M, Elcik D, Kalay N, et al. A GGT test can't diagnose the specific cause of liver disease. Increased levels of GGT were also correlated with increased risk of sudden cardiac death/ventricular fibrillation [54, 55, 56]. The Authors. SelfDecode does not treat, diagnose or cure any conditions, The normal range of an SGOT test is generally between 8 and 45 units per liter of serum. But presence of no-reflow was significantly different between high GGT and normal GGT group. The median follow-up period was 3.7 years, and both groups had similar characteristics. Anything above 30 IU/L could be a sign that your liver isn't working the way it should. If the liver is damaged, GGT levels may rise as it leaks into the bloodstream.

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