(2013), Absolute and relative family affluence and psychosomatic symptoms in adolescents. (2010), How common are common mental disorders? Australia, Ireland and New Zealand have high numbers of children in family-based foster care, over 80%.8 In some eastern European OECD countries, for example Latvia, Lithuania and Poland, a larger proportion of children live in large state institutions. 204-215, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797616678438. Children with an immigrant background are a large and growing group across OECD countries. (2017), Parents with mental health problems and their children in a German population based sample: Results of the BELLA study.. Based on a limited number of country studies, a 2009 systematic review estimated that each year around 4-16% of children are physically abused; one in ten children experiences neglect or emotional abuse; and 5-10% of girls and 1-5% of boys are subjected to penetrative child sexual abuse over the course of childhood (Gilbert etal., 2009[53]). 101-108, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.CHILDYOUTH.2015.11.012. In New Zealand, 8% of children aged 3-14 years assessed are at high risk of experiencing social, emotional or behavioural difficulties based on a Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire completed by parents. (2019), Dental Status and Treatment Needs of Children in Foster Care.. The transition of young people from child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) to adult services is frequently problematic. In the majority of cases, children in out-of-home care reside in family-based foster care (general and kinship care) or residential care (small residential units and larger institutions). Unaccompanied minors do not have the time to catchup with peers and often need urgent and substantial support to find their way through the school system and into the labour market in a meaningful way (OECD, 2019[45]). The Toolkit has been piloted in over 20 . 375-391, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2013.812403. [39] Trautmann,S., J.Rehm and H.Wittchen (2016), The economic costs of mental disorders: Do our societies react appropriately to the burden of mental disorders?, EMBO reports, Vol. The typical late age of arrival can further complicate the integration process. For example, late-arrival immigrant students in Germany were 45 percentage points less likely to report a sense of belonging at school than those who immigrated before the age of 12. [14] Rai,D. etal. High-profile inquiries into historical (i.e. Vulnerabilities are areas of a child's life that may be of concern or could benefit from further attention. (2012), Parental Socioeconomic Status and Risk of Offspring Autism Spectrum Disorders in a Swedish Population-Based Study. A systematic review. [92] Stalker,K. and K.McArthur (2012), Child abuse, child protection and disabled children: a review of recent research, Child Abuse Review, Vol. (2017), Community Poverty and Child Abuse Fatalities in the United States., Pediatrics, Vol. 12, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/23198750-en. Job search intensity is high, as many want to start earning soon after arrival in order to remit money back home to their families. 37/9, pp. 3. For example, children in out-of-home care have greater dental needs, a higher prevalence of tooth decay and require more interventions compared to low-income children not in foster care (Morn etal., 2019[90]). Not enough is known about the causal pathways that lead to maltreatment. 28/4, pp. (2017), Poverty dynamics and parental mental health: Determinants of childhood mental health in the UK, Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 1. [56] Mccartan,K., H.Kemshall and J.Tabachnick (2015), The construction of community understandings of sexual violence: rethinking public, practitioner and policy discourses, Journal of Sexual Aggression, Vol. [25] OECD (2017), Neurodiversity in Education, Trends Shaping Education Spotlights, No. Under-reporting is an issue and is influenced by social stigma, societal acceptance and cultural and political barriers (Leeb and Fluke, 2015[51]). Child maltreatment is a public health problem requiring co-ordinated responses across multiple government departments and services. 90, pp. Access to local schools also facilitates children living at home with their families and integration in the community. [34] Przybylski,A. and N.Weinstein (2017), A Large-Scale Test of the Goldilocks Hypothesis, Psychological Science, Vol. 386/9991, pp. And from what I'm learning, my kids are more likely to come to me again if they expect me to offer wisdom from a place of "me too.". [63] Gracia,E. and G.Musitu (2003), Social isolation from communities and child maltreatment: a cross-cultural comparison. [55] Finkelhor,D. etal. a disability or difficulties with learning. In addition, parental understanding and ability to respond to childrens needs is relevant and is informed by parents own experiences of being parented (Howe, 2005[66]). When considering the academic proficiency and well-being of students with an immigrant background, it is crucial to acknowledge not only the challenges they face but also the assets they posess. Potential factors behind this rise in prevalence are increased interest in and awareness of emotional well-being, and an increase in help-seeking behaviours. StatLinkhttps://doi.org/10.1787/888934038837. Evidence from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, a randomised control trial that assigned children to foster care versus remaining in institutional care, shows the long-term positive effects of family-based care on childrens brain electrical activity. For example, between 2014 and 2016, European OECD countries received more than 180000 asylum applications from unaccompanied minors, and the United States reported almost 170000 border apprehensions of unaccompanied minors. Environmental factors associated with maltreatment include household poverty (Slack etal., 2004[60]), high neighbourhood poverty (Farrell etal., 2017[61]); overcrowded housing (Cant etal., 2019[62]); social isolation (Gracia and Musitu, 2003[63]); intimate partner violence (Zolotor etal., 2007[64]); and parental substance misuse (Kepple, 2018[65]). [16] Rix,J. etal. (2007), Do good intentions beget good policy? Poorly planned transitions can mean discontinuity of care for very vulnerable young people or service provision that is not appropriate or sensitive to need and developmental stage. [61] Farrell,C. etal. 2088-2095, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61460-4. Considerable research supports the placement of children in family foster care for more favourable outcomes (Li, Chng and Chu, 2017[81]; Sim, Li and Chu, 2016[82]). [7] Opening Doors for Europes Children (2017). [2] OECD (2010), CO1.9: Child Disability, OECD, Paris, http://www.oecd.org/social/family/database (accessed on 10July2019). [31] Reiss,F. (2013), Socioeconomic inequalities and mental health problems in children and adolescents: A systematic review. They tend to have parents with lower educational attainment working in less prestigious jobs, and fewer economic resources in the household. (2011), Age of onset and timing of treatment for mental and substance use disorders: implications for preventive intervention strategies and models of care, Current Opinion in Psychiatry, Vol. Third, some countries national child protection systems are not yet mature, for example Mexicos (Government of Mexico, 2019[52]). There is some evidence of an association between Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and low-economic status. [43] OECD (2013), PISA 2012 Results: Ready to Learn (Volume III):Students Engagement, Drive and Self-Beliefs, PISA, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264201170-en. copy the linklink copied! [53] Gilbert,R. etal. The use of this work, whether digital or print, is governed by the Terms and Conditions to be found at http://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions. (2019). Yet compared to other forms of childhood adversity, child sexual abuse and other forms of child maltreatment are a much smaller focus of child policy discussions. In the Slovak Republic, the score difference in reading performance between immigrant students who reported that they did not speak the language of assessment at home and native students who reported that they did was 56 points (OECD, 2018[42]). Examples of child mental health vulnerabilities include: Significantly, ageing out of care has been linked with higher incidences of homelessness in young adulthood (Fowler etal., 2017[85]). Childhood material deprivation is linked to the onset of mental health problems, though it does not influence disease course or severity. . Details Category: Field Guides Published on Monday, 02 July 2012 16:21 Written by CPS Policy Hits: 3802 Attachments: Child Vulnerabilities List [Provides a checklist of child vulnerabilities within categories for assessment.] 43-51, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.SOCSCIMED.2016.12.040. Invest in people and places that have been left behind through (i) targeted quality childcare, early education and life-long acquisition of skills; (ii) effective access to quality health care, justice, housing and infrastructures; and (iii) optimal natural resource management for sustainable growth. [20] Erskine,H. etal. (2013), The Power of the Web: A Systematic Review of Studies of the Influence of the Internet on Self-Harm and Suicide in Young People, PLoS ONE, Vol. Child vulnerability should be considered from several dimensions. [103] DfE (2018), Children looked after in England (including adoption), year ending 31 March 2018, Department for Education, United Kingdom, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/757922/Children_looked_after_in_England_2018_Text_revised.pdf (accessed on 25July2019). Children in particular are suffering the consequences. (2010), Understanding service use and victim patterns associated with re-reports of alleged maltreatment perpetrators., Children and youth services review, Vol. [11] Jones,L. etal. Among these children under the ages of 15 years, 19 million are native-born with two foreign-born parents (8.2%); a further 13 million are native-born with a mixed background (one parent foreign-born and one parent native-born) (5.7 %), and 8 million are foreign-born (3.3%). (2017), Community Poverty and Child Abuse Fatalities in the United States.. (2012), The effects of child abuse and neglect on cognitive functioning in adulthood, Journal of Psychiatric Research, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.01.005. 4. Placement permanency is essential for children to feel safe and secure in their environment. (2015), Socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent health 20022010: a time-series analysis of 34 countries participating in the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study. A large degree of variation depends on the country in which the student (or their parents) settle, such as cultural or linguistic differences between their country of origin and the host country, but also on the characteristics of the schools students attend and the help they receive in dealing with daily problems of living, learning and communicating. 76, pp. View & Download. Children in care have additional health needs, some of which arise as a consequence of difficult family circumstances and the accumulation of disadvantages prior to their reception into care. Child Vulnerabilities List. Determine if the child is vulnerable to the identified safety threats. [80] Nakatomi,T. etal. This includes supporting their social competencies, their relationships with peers and adults, and . [85] Fowler,P. etal. [10] Emerson,E. (2012), Understanding Disabled Childhoods: What Can We Learn From Population-Based Studies?, Children & Society, Vol. noncontact sexual interaction) of a child by a caregiver, adult or older child. (2017), Homelessness and aging out of foster care: A national comparison of child welfare-involved adolescents. This figure paints an incomplete global picture, as data from low- and middle-income countries is very limited (Erskine etal., 2017[20]). There is also better detection, particularly of rare conditions. Although provoking high levels of decry, the understanding of child sexual abuse remains limited among the public and other important stakeholders. 48/3, pp. In principle, after authorities have identified unaccompanied minors, child protection authorities should ensure that they are accommodated in special facilities that provide an adequate standard of living and access to education and healthcare (FRA, 2016[47]). Low satisfaction with life implies that a student reported a life satisfaction of 6 or less on a 0-10 scale. StatLinkhttps://doi.org/10.1787/888934038875. 214-220, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.10.083. More often than not, child protection workers walk a tight line when deciding whether a childs well-being would be less harmed by removal than remaining in the family home (Keddell and Hyslop, 2018[76]; Davidson-Arad etal., 2015[75]). child fostering and non-traditional families); and . The following should be assessed: The child . Source: Data adapted from Eurostat (2019), Asylum applicants considered to be unaccompanied minors by citzenship, age and sex. This can include hitting, kicking, punching, beating, stabbing, biting, pushing, shoving, throwing, pulling, dragging, dropping, shaking, strangling/choking, smothering, burning, scalding and poisoning. (2017), Outcomes of children who grew up in foster care: Systematic-review. 214-222, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.2012.00434.x. 7. Source: OECD, PISA 2015 Database and PISA 2003 Database. [29] Elgar,F. etal. Comparing incidence rate ratios of abusive and neglectful behaviors across substance use behavior patterns. 61/2, pp. Some facilities provide children with a family-like environment, and others an institutional-like environment. [89] Hook,J. and M.Courtney (2011), Employment outcomes of former foster youth as young adults: The importance of human, personal, and social capital. [89] Hook,J. and M.Courtney (2011), Employment outcomes of former foster youth as young adults: The importance of human, personal, and social capital, Children and Youth Services Review, Vol. [33] Plass-Christl,A. etal. 4/7, pp. 169/8, p.746, http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0676. [71] Stoltenborgh,M., M.Bakermans-Kranenburg and M.van IJzendoorn (2013), The neglect of child neglect: a meta-analytic review of the prevalence of neglect, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, Vol. Good mental health means not only the absence of symptoms and disorders, but also positive well-being and the ability to cope with difficulties. Emotional abuse can be continual or episodic. [100] Tusla (2018), National Performance and Activity Dashboard, Tusla, Child and Family Agency, https://www.tusla.ie/uploads/content/National_Performance__Activity_Dashboard_September_2018_Final.pdf (accessed on 25July2019). Fluke (2015), Child maltreatment surveillance: enumeration, monitoring, evaluation and insight., Health promotion and chronic disease prevention in Canada : research, policy and practice, Vol. 380/9845, pp. (2016), Improved Survival in Down Syndrome over the Last 60 Years and the Impact of Perinatal Factors in Recent Decades. 2. (2005), Lifetime Prevalence and Age-of-Onset Distributions of DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol. [88] Sebba,J. etal. or fit, across the levels that influences the outcome. [49] Jonson-Reid,M. etal. The most up-to-date data comes from the 2004 Global Burden of Disease study, which recorded that the prevalence of moderate and severe disabilities among children in the 0-14 age group in high-income countries is nearly 3%, almost half the global rate of over 5%. [4] HRSD Canada (2011), Disability in Canada: A 2006 Profile, http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2011/rhdcc-hrsdc/HS64-11-2010-eng.pdf (accessed on 9August2019). [84] Jedwab,M. etal. 76, pp. (2013), Exploring provision for children identified with special educational needs: an international review of policy and practice, European Journal of Special Needs Education, Vol. 2. [14] Rai,D. etal. [97] AIFS (2018), Children in care: CFCA Resource Sheet, Australia Institute for Family Studies, https://aifs.gov.au/cfca/publications/children-care (accessed on 25July2019). Research from Sweden suggests that children from lower-income families and of parents with manual occupations are at higher risk (Rai etal., 2012[14]), while French research found that the rate of children with ASD with an associated intellectual disability is higher in areas with the highest levels of deprivation (Delobel-Ayoub etal., 2015[15]). Some children with ASD have normal levels of intelligence, while others have mild or significant intellectual disabilities or are gifted (Association of American Psychiatrics, 2015[24]). Poor parental mental health has been linked to sexual abuse exposure, suggesting in part that sexual abuse mediates the intergenerational transmission of mental health disorders. (2007), Do good intentions beget good policy? [84] Jedwab,M. etal. malnutrition due to decline in breastfeeding); family dynamics and types of family forms (e.g. 239-248, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.CHIABU.2019.05.010. [62] Cant,R. etal. Or consider purchasing the publication. [64] Zolotor,A. etal. [104] Seiterle,N. (2018), Ergebnisbericht Bestandesaufnahme Pflegekinder Schweiz 2016 (Results report: Inventory of children in out-of-home care Switzerland 2016), PACH Pflege- und Adoptivkinder Schweiz, Zrich, http://www.diexperten.ch (accessed on 25July2019). [90] Morn,E. etal. 27/4, pp. [85] Fowler,P. etal. [15] Delobel-Ayoub,M. etal. Vulnerability is judged according to age; physical and emotional development; ability to communicate needs; mobility; size and dependence and susceptibility. [27] West,P. and H.Sweeting (2003), Fifteen, female and stressed: changing patterns of psychological distress over time. www.european-agency.org/resources/publications/european-agency-statistics-inclusive-education-2016-dataset-cross-country. A systematic review, Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. Being vulnerable with your kids lets them know they aren't alone. Comparing the brain electrical activity of three groups (16 year-olds currently in institutional care, in foster care or never institutionalised), adolescents who had been placed in foster care displayed brain activity comparable to adolesents who were never institutionalised, even if the transition to foster care was made after 24 months of age (Debnath etal., 2019[83]). 139/5, p.e20161616, http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1616. The focus is on which elements in the shaping of society make childhood particularly vulnerable and place children at risk. (2019), Overcrowded housing: One of a constellation of vulnerabilities for child sexual abuse. Over 8% of children experienced sexual victimisation over the previous year, while almost 22% of older children experienced sexual victimisation over the lifetime (Finkelhor etal., 2015[55]). 305-321, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e573/c80a7a35e9897df94322dd3f23b84180cf05.pdf (accessed on 3October2019).

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