So in your example, the Sami are often said to be indigenous because they are from that area and they are in the minority. [citation needed], On the Swedish and Finnish sides, the authorities were less militant, although the Smi language was forbidden in schools and strong economic development in the north led to weakened cultural and economic status for the Smi. Smi people were exhibited with their traditional lavvu tents, weapons, and sleds, beside a group of reindeer at Tierpark Hagenbeck[189] and other zoos across the globe. Smi languages, and Smi song-chants, called joiks, were illegal in Norway from 1773 until 1958. The Norwegian Smi Parliament also elects 50% of the members to the board of the Finnmark Estate, which controls 95% of the land in the county of Finnmark. I n October 2021, Norway's Supreme Court ruled that a wind farm built on the country's central-west coast violated the protected cultural rights of the Indigenous Smi by infringing on their. The majority of the Smi now speak the majority languages of the countries they live in, i.e., Swedish, Russian, Finnish and Norwegian. The largest Smi publishing house is Davvi Girji. The regulation linked quotas to vessels and not to fishers. Russia has not recognized the Smi as a minority and, as a result, recognizes no Smi parliament, even if the Smi people there have formed an unrecognised Smi Parliament of Russia. draughts) by having pieces of three different ranks. From reindeer herding to animism, the Smi have found ways to maintain their ancient culture and religious beliefs despite the ever-changing world around them. Anthropologists have been studying the Smi people for hundreds of years for their assumed physical and cultural differences from the rest of the Europeans. City Smi who are now probably the largest group of Smi. [146] As of 2021, 9,226 people were registered to vote in elections to the Swedish Smi Parliament. The spiritual understanding Laestadius acquired and shared in his new sermons "filled with vivid metaphors from the lives of the Smi that they could understand, about a God who cared about the lives of the people" had a profound positive effect on both problems. Since many do not have roots, they absorb nutrients, and toxic compounds, through their leaves. According to some, the estimated total Smi population is about 70,000. Shkku is a running-fight board game where each player controls a set of soldiers (referred to as "women" and "men") that race across a board in a loop, attempting to eliminate the other player's soldiers. This has led to a common misconception that Smi, at least in western Spmi, have no traditional dance culture. Ethnic Finns (suomalaiset) are a distinct group from Smi.[19]. The findings show that a combination of factors such as lifestyle choices, existing touristic demand and readily available . The Decline of the Smi People's Indigenous Religion. 11 Skurrio 6 mo. [18], As Old Norse gradually developed into the separate Scandinavian languages, Swedes apparently took to using Finn to refer to inhabitants of what is now Finland, while the Smi came to be called Lapps. The indigenous languages of the North: A report on their present state. The Smi people (also spelled Sami or Saami) are an indigenous people inhabiting the territory of Spmi, which today covers the northern parts of Norway, Sweden, Finland and the Kola Peninsula in Russia. [79] A new present status report was to have been ready by the end of 2012. Duodji, the Smi handicraft, originates from the time when the Smis were self-supporting nomads, believing therefore that an object should first and foremost serve a purpose rather than being primarily decorative. The collar, sleeves and hem usually have appliqus in the form of geometric shapes. Photo: Elin Marakatt The Nordic countries have a long history of racism that dates back many centuries. [60] Mining activities and prospecting to extract these resources from the region often interfere with reindeer grazing and calving areas and other aspects of traditional Smi life. American scientist Michael E. Krauss published in 1997 an estimate of Smi population and their languages.[138][139]. One committee recommendation was that discrimination against someone based upon their language be added to Article 1 of the Norwegian Discrimination and Accessibility Act. The winning design was submitted by the artist Astrid Bhl from Skibotn, Norway.[160]. Kemi Smi language became extinct in the 19th century. Industrial logging has now been pushed back from the most important forest areas either permanently or for the next 20 years, though there are still threats, such as mining and construction plans of holiday resorts on the protected shorelines of Lake Inari. Today there are a number of Smi who seek to return to the traditional Pagan values of their ancestors. In one proposal, this Finnish word comes from a Proto-Germanic word *sma-, itself from Proto-Baltic *sma-, in turn borrowed from Proto-Finnic *m, which was borrowed from *m.[12]. Here and elsewhere in the circumpolar north, the failure to apply laws for the protection of indigenous peoples leads to "criminalization" of local indigenous populations who cannot survive without "poaching" resources that should be accessible to them legally.[95]. [36][37], How far south the Smi extended in the past has been debated among historians and archeologists for many years. Sweden recognised the existence of the "Smi nation" in 1989, but the ILO Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, C169 has not been adopted. [51] With such massive population drops caused by the Black Death, the tax revenues from this industry greatly diminished. The Sametingslag was established as the Swedish Smi Parliament on 1 January 1993. They lived in communities detached from the Norwegians; being only loosely connected to the European trade routes, they fared far better than the Norwegians.[49]. A characteristic feature of Smi musical tradition is the singing of joik. In 2005, the Finnmark Act was passed in the Norwegian parliament giving the Smi parliament and the Finnmark Provincial council a joint responsibility of administering the land areas previously considered state property. [94] Finland recognized the Smi as a "people" in 1995, but has yet to ratify ILO Convention 169 Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples. In H. Shoji and J. Janhunen (eds.). With some 20,000 speakers, Northern Smi is the most widely spoken of these languages, followed by Lule Smi . In Norwegian and Swedish, the Smi are today referred to by the localized form Same. Some traditional shamanic headgear had animal hides, plaits, and feathers, particularly in East Spmi. [95], The Russian Federation's Land Code reinforces the rights of numerically small peoples ("indigenous minorities") to use places they inhabit and to continue traditional economic activities without being charged rent. A division often used in Northern Smi is based on occupation and the area of living. You can go for a very broad Approach, like "Descendants from the first People who lived there" to "Cultural Minority that suffered from Colonialism and still doesn't have its own State." 34 CoprophilicClown 6 mo. But because they're nomadic, the Sami don't recognize land ownership. [68], Government authorities and NATO have built bombing-practice ranges in Smi areas in northern Norway and Sweden. [113][114] An example is the lihkadus (ecstasy dance) described in sources from the 16th and 17th centuries, but which was adapted by SwedishSmi priest Lars Levi Laestadius, who brought it and other Smi traditions into the Church of Sweden as part of the Laestadianism movement. . Around 1500, they started to tame these animals into herding groups, becoming the well-known reindeer nomads, often portrayed by outsiders as following the traditional Smi lifestyle. Here are eight fascinating facts about the Sami - the indigenous people of Norway. The river was renowned for its . The Center for Northern Peoples aims to promote artistic and cultural cooperation between the Arctic peoples of Russia and the Nordic countries, with particular focus on indigenous peoples and minorities.[154]. In addition, the Smi have special rights to reindeer husbandry. "Smi soga lvlla" has been translated into all of the Smi languages. There is some diversity due to the wide area that is Spmi, allowing for the evolution of variations in beliefs and practices between tribes. The first ever stratospheric test of geoengineering technology, funded by Bill Gates, has been suspended under pressure from the indigenous people over whose heads . "Samis" redirects here. Last year a member of the Sami, Jannie Staffansson, told SVT "I have never experienced such hate and threats that exist now, never". The Smi and their language. Despite the terms use in tourism, Lapland can be either misleading or offensive, or both, to Smi, depending on the context and where this word is used. Today's "borders" originate from the 14th to 16th centuries when land-owning conflicts occurred. [92], The act establishing the Finnish Smi Parliament (Finnish: Saamelaiskrjt) was passed on 9 November 1973. Although the Smi have considered themselves to be one people throughout history,[157] the idea of Spmi, a Smi nation, first gained acceptance among the Smi in the 1970s, and even later among the majority population. As of 2007[update] about 10% of the Smi were connected to reindeer herding, which provides them with meat, fur, and transportation; around 2,800 Smi people were actively involved in reindeer herding on a full-time basis in Norway. The Smi are experiencing cultural and environmental threats, including: oil exploration, mining, dam building, logging, climate change, military bombing ranges, tourism and commercial development. Reindeer have major cultural and economic significance for indigenous peoples of the North. Tailfeathers, Elle Mij. Elle Mij Tailfeathers. Article 27 protects minorities, and indigenous peoples, against discrimination: "In those states in which ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities exist, persons belonging to such minorities, shall not be denied the right, in community with the other members of their group, to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practice their own religion, or use their own language.". Sweden has received strong international criticism, including by the UN Racial Discrimination Committee and the Human Rights Committee, that Sweden violates Smi landrttigheter (land rights), including by not regulating industry. Leather belts can have scrimshawed antler buttons, silver concho-like buttons, tassels, or brass/copper details such as rings. In 2012, County Governor of Troms approved Shamanic Association of Troms as a new religion.[173]. He works within the fields of Sami and indigenous issues in school and kindergartens, the history of religions in Spmi and Northern Norway and Gender in indigenous studies. The 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster caused nuclear fallout in the sensitive Arctic ecosystems and poisoned fish, meat[73] and berries. The Norwegians, who were concentrated on the outer islands and near the mouths of the fjords, had access to the major European trade routes so that, in addition to marginal farming in the Nordland, Troms, and Finnmark counties, they were able to establish commerce, trading fish for products from the south. These newly calculated quotas were distributed free of charge to larger vessels on the basis of the amount of the catch in previous years, resulting in small vessels in Smi districts falling outside the new quota system to a large degree. Lichens and mosses are two of the main forms of vegetation in the Arctic and are highly susceptible to airborne pollutants and heavy metals. Sami identity as a . Some of these Smi are part of a diaspora that moved to North America in order to escape assimilation policies in their home countries. [170] Many contemporary practitioners are compared to practitioners of neo-paganism, as a number of neopagan religions likewise combine elements of ancient pagan religions with more recent revisions or innovations, but others feel they are attempting to revive or reconstruct indigenous Smi religions as found in historic, folkloric sources and oral traditions. [50] Archeological research shows that the Smi have lived along the coast and once lived much farther south in the past, and they were also involved in work other than reindeer herding (e.g., fishing, agriculture, iron work). The groups of these peoples that ended up in the Finnish Lakeland from 1600 to 1500 BC later "became" the Smi. [67], The Swedish government has allowed the world's largest onshore wind farm to be built in Pite, in the Arctic region where the Eastern Kikkejaure village has its winter reindeer pastures. ago Well, it depends on which Definition of "Indigenous Group" you're using. Eatnameamet - Hiljainen taistelumme is a documentary film that shows mistreatment of Sami people in Finland. Different Smi languages are spoken in different areas of Spmi. In the north (Lapland), it plays a major role in the local economy, while its economic impact is lesser in the southern parts of the area (Province of Oulu). [80] In 2018, The Storting commissioned The Truth and Reconciliation Commission to lay the foundation for recognition of the experiences of the Smi subject to Norwegianization and the subsequent consequences. For long periods of time, the Smi lifestyle thrived because of its adaptation to the Arctic environment. Indeed, throughout the 18th century, as Norwegians of Northern Norway suffered from low fish prices and consequent depopulation, the Smi cultural element was strengthened, since the Smi were mostly independent of supplies from Southern Norway. Why are Sami people considered indigenous? In this period, many Smi practiced their traditional religion at home, while going to church on Sunday. [83], In Finland, where Smi children, like all Finnish children, are entitled to day care and language instruction in their own language, the Finnish government has denied funding for these rights in most of the country, including in Rovaniemi, the largest municipality in Finnish Lapland. Who Are the Sami People? However, these languages left traces in the Smi language (Pre-Finnic substrate). The only traditional Smi instruments that were sometimes used to accompany joik are the "fadno" flute (made from reed-like Angelica archangelica stems) and hand drums (frame drums and bowl drums). Norway has been criticized internationally for the politics of Norwegianization of and discrimination against the Smi. Their best-known means of livelihood is semi-nomadic reindeer herding. A Smi family in Norway around 1900. Gleb Raygorodetsky The Skolt Sami people of Finland, for example, participated in a study that was published in the journal Science last year, which adopted indicators of environmental changes based on TEK. Because of the huge profits that could be had from these fisheries, the local authorities offered incentives to the Smifaced with their own population pressuresto settle on the newly vacant farms. These areas (96% of the provincial area), which have always been used primarily by the Smi, now belong officially to the people of the province, whether Smi or Norwegian, and not to the Norwegian state. During the 19th century, the pressure of Christianization of the Smi increased, with some Smi adopting Laestadianism. Around 1840 Swedish Smi Lutheran pastor and administrator Lars Levi Laestadius initiated among the Smi a puritanical pietist movement emphasizing complete abstinence from alcohol. August 4, 2021 One Comment Several individuals belonging to the indigenous group Sami in Sweden have recently spoken out about the hate they have been a target of. There are an estimated 30,000 people living in North America who are either Smi, or descendants of Smi. Spmi Indigenous Peoples in Spmi Spmi is the Smi people's own name for their traditional territory. The Smi languages are relatively closely related, but not mutually intelligible; for instance, speakers of Southern Smi cannot understand Northern Smi. The parliaments have very weak political influence, far from autonomy. [170], Two great challenges Laestadius had faced since his early days as a church minister were the indifference of his Smi parishioners, who had been forced by the Swedish government to convert from their shamanistic religion to Lutheranism, and the misery caused them by alcoholism. [95] Finland has denied any aboriginal rights or land rights to the Smi people;[96] in Finland, non-Smi can herd reindeer. The number of Smi is estimated at 80,000, with about 8,000 on Finnish territory. They speak an Ugric language that is. The term Smi religion usually refers to the traditional religion, practiced by most Smi until approximately the 18th century. ", "The Early Period of Smi History, from the Beginnings to the 16th Century", "Saamen kielten leviminen Suomeen ja Skandinaviaan", "Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe", "The Arrival of Siberian Ancestry Connecting the Eastern Baltic to Uralic Speakers further East", Report on indigenous fishing rights in the seas with case studies from Australia and Norway, Report of UNPFII Ninth Session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, "Christianity and the Emerging Nation States", "Siida and traditional Smi reindeer herding knowledge", "Dossier: mining the Arctic Geographical Magazine", "Blackstone to Mine Reindeer Pastures, Sweden", "Mining prospects in arctic Norway also causing controversy", "Sweden: Ongoing Road Blockade Against Mining in Saami Territory", "Shtokman Natural Gas Project, Barents Sea, Russia", "Campaign for Northern Forests by Indigenous Sami Ended Successfully in Finland", "Sami parliament wants veto on mineral issues", "New bombing ranges and their impact on Saami traditions", "Protests against the exploitation of Smi culture", "The Sami of Northern Europe: one people, four countries", United Nations Regional Information Centre for Western Europe, "Assimilation of the Sami: Implementation and Consequences", Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, "Sweden's Sami People to Set up Commission on Discrimination", "Church of Sweden apologizes, embarks on reconciliation with Indigenous Smi people", "The foundation for Norwegian Smi policy", "Sameloven: LOV 1987-06-12 nr 56: Lov om Sametinget og andre samiske rettsforhold", Norwegian Government Security and Service Organisation, "General Assembly adopts declaration on rights of indigenous peoples", "Svensk frfattningssamling: SFS 2009:600", "Swedish Sami National Association (SSR)", "Jouni E. Lnsman et al. 169 would grant rights to the Smi people to their land and give them power in matters that affect their future. Norway is home to most Sami in the world The total population of Sami in Norway, Sweden . [125] Today, a considerable part of the Finnish Smi live outside the Spmi region, for example in Helsinki there is a relatively large and active Smi minority. The gkti can be worn with a belt; these are sometimes band-woven belts, woven, or beaded. [32] This coincides with the arrival of the Siberian genome to Estonia and Finland, which may correspond with the introduction of the Finno-Ugric languages in the region.[32][33]. Traditionally the Smi lived and worked in reindeer herding groups called siidat, which consist of several families and their herds. 169 concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (1989). In August 1986, the national anthem ("Smi soga lvlla") and flag (Smi flag) of the Smi people were created. Northern Smi Spmi. The 151 turbines make up one of Europe's largest onshore wind complexes, but Indigenous Sami peoples in the area say that the wind farm is encroaching on their lands, endangering their reindeer . [66] Greenpeace, reindeer herders, and Smi organisations carried out a historic joint campaign, and in 2010, Smi reindeer herders won some time as a result of these court cases. The upper world is related to the South, warmth, life, and the color white. Though in . Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. There is no single, unified Smi parliament that spans across the Nordic countries. When the speakers of this language extended to the area of modern-day Finland, they encountered groups of peoples who spoke a number of smaller ancient languages (Paleo-Laplandic languages), which later became extinct. [126] According to the Smi Parliament, the Smi live in 230 municipalities out of a total of 336 municipalities in Finland. The Council of Europe's Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (1995). Ethnographic photography of the Smi began with the invention of the camera in the 19th century. Another factor was the scorched earth policy conducted by the German army, resulting in heavy war destruction in northern Finland and northern Norway in 194445, destroying all existing houses, or kota, and visible traces of Smi culture. ILO Convention No. [citation needed]. Roads constructed in connection with oil and gas exploration and development destroy and degrade pastureland,[102] ancestral burial grounds, and sacred sites and increase hunting by oil workers on the territory used by indigenous peoples. [95] Russia has not adopted the ILO Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, C169. Due to recent migration, it has also been claimed that Oslo is the municipality with the largest Smi population. Therefore, exact numbers are not possible. In addition, there are several Smi languages and additional dialects, and there are several areas in Sapmi where few of the Smi speak their native language due to the forced cultural assimilation, but still consider themselves Smi. [159] It was the result of a competition for which many suggestions were entered. Roughly half of all Smi live in Norway, but many live in Sweden, with smaller groups living in the far north of Finland and the Kola Peninsula of Russia. In August 1986, it became the Smi anthem. The lichens accumulated airborne radiation, and 73,000 reindeer had to be killed as "unfit" for human consumption in Sweden alone. It should also be noted that many Smi now live outside Spmi, in large cities such as Oslo in Norway. [132] The population has been estimated to be between 80,000 and 135,000[133][134] across the whole Nordic region, including urban areas such as Oslo, Norway, traditionally considered outside Spmi. [b] One problem when attempting to count the population of the Smi is that there are few common criteria of what "being a Smi" constitutes. This provides a legal and political protection of the Smi language, culture and society. [155], The question whether the fjeld's territory is owned by the governments (crown land) or by the Smi population is not answered. A number of novels and poetry collections are published every year in Northern Smi, and sometimes in the other Smi languages as well. In fact, in 2007, Janne Seurujrvi, a Finnish Centre Party representative, became the first Smi ever to be elected to the Finnish Parliament.[93]. [12][17] This etymology has superseded older speculations that the word might be related to fen. This caused the dislocation of Smi people in the 1920s, which increased the gap between local Smi groups (something still present today) that sometimes has the character of an internal Smi ethnic conflict. In contrast to Norway and Sweden, in Finland, a siida (paliskunta in Finnish) is a reindeer-herding corporation that is not restricted by ethnicity. The Sami are native to the Scandinavian regions of Norway, Finland, Sweden, and parts of western Russia. [91][186][187][188] In the late 19th century, colonial fascination with Arctic peoples led to human beings exhibited in human zoos. Since the Smi were considered to possess "witchcraft" powers, they were often accused of sorcery during the 17th century and were the subjects of witchcraft trials and burnings.[169]. In order to sensitively portray a people based on the Smi, Disney entered into a contract with several Sami parliaments to affirm their ownership of their culture and worked with them to make. [145] The Smi are in a majority only in the municipalities of GuovdageaidnuKautokeino, KrjohkaKarasjok, PorsguPorsanger, DeatnuTana and UnjrgaNesseby in Finnmark, and GivuotnaKfjord in Northern Troms. ", "Multiculturalism Policies in Contemporary Democracies: Finland", "Siida and traditional Sami reindeer herding knowledge", "See review and summary in "Indian Country Today" January 26, 2023", "Mental health problems among the Swedish reindeer-herding Sami population", "Saamelaiskrjt vaatii Ylelle lis saamenkielist tarjontaa", "The Saami: An ancient population on the northern edge of Europe", "UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger", "Language Proficiency and Ethnicity: The Sami Case by Hkan Rydving. Spmi, the Smi traditional lands, cross four national borders. In addition the "amendment implies a legal, political and moral obligation for Norwegian authorities to create an environment conducive to the Smis themselves influencing on the development of the Smi community". Other Smi languages use cognate words. "Biography & Filmography". Objective criteria vary, but are generally related to kinship and/or language. The government promised Smi indemnification, which was not acted upon by government. [34] These hunter-gatherers of the late Paleolithic and early Mesolithic were named Komsa by the researchers. [95], Regional law, Code of the Murmansk Oblast, calls on the organs of state power of the oblast to facilitate the native peoples of the Kola North, specifically naming the Smi, "in realization of their rights for preservation and development of their native language, national culture, traditions and customs." The Smi people (also Saami) are a Native people of northern Europe inhabiting Spmi, which today encompasses northern parts of Sweden, Norway, Finland, and the Kola Peninsula of Russia. Lappalainen is also a common family name in Finland. Indigenous Nations have always maintained their citizenship orders. As the language spread further, it became segmented into dialects. [165] Sacred sites were destroyed, such as sieidi (stones in natural or human-built formations), lda and sivu (sacred hills), springs, caves and other natural formations where offerings were made. [40] Proponents of the Smi interpretations of these finds assume a mixed population of Norse and Smi people in the mountainous areas of southern Norway in the Middle Ages. [42] The Smi hunted reindeer and fished for their livelihood. [35] For centuries, the Smi and the Scandinavians had relatively little contact; the Smi primarily lived in the inland of northern Fennoscandia, while Scandinavians lived in southern Scandinavia and gradually colonised the Norwegian coast; from the 18th and especially the 19th century, the governments of Norway and Sweden started to assert sovereignty more aggressively in the north, and targeted the Smi with Scandinavization policies aimed at forced assimilation from the 19th century. The Russian Duma (parliament) has adopted partial measures to implement it. The Mountain Smi had to pay taxes to three states, Norway, Sweden and Russia, as they crossed each border while following the annual reindeer migrations; this caused much resentment over the years. [31] The geographical distribution of the Smi has evolved over the course of history. We know who we are. Due to a major defeat in 1996, one siida has introduced a sponsorship "Reindeer Godfather" concept to raise funds for further battles in courts. Many older Smi still refuse to speak Smi. [50][56], As the Sea Smi settled along Norway's fjords and inland waterways, pursuing a combination of farming, cattle raising, trapping and fishing, the minority Mountain Smi continued to hunt wild reindeer. Photo: Lennart Pittja . In Finland and Sweden, Lapp is common in place names, such as Lappi (Satakunta), Lappeenranta (South Karelia) and Lapinlahti (North Savo) in Finland; and Lapp (Stockholm County), Lappe (Sdermanland) and Lappabo (Smland) in Sweden. Especially earlier, these distinct languages were referred to as "dialects", but today, this is considered misleading due to the deep differences between the varieties. This convention recognizes the Smi as one indigenous people residing across national borders in all three countries. The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007). The term "Lapp" was popularized and became the standard terminology by the work of Johannes Schefferus, Acta Lapponica (1673). The third world is the underworld and it is associated with the color black, it represents the north, the cold and it is inhabited by otters, loons, and seals and mythical animals.[168]. They can be wool, leather, or fur. The word Lapp can be traced to Old Swedish lapper, Icelandic lappir (plural) perhaps of Finnish origin;[20] compare Finnish lappalainen "Lapp", Lappi "Lapland" (possibly meaning "wilderness in the north"), the original meaning being unknown. [citation needed] Traditional Smi beliefs are composed of three intertwining elements: animism, shamanism, and polytheism. Despite these changes, the legacy of cultural repression still exists. This area is also known as the Smi core area, and Smi and Norwegian are co-equal administrative languages here. That is why Smi identity is at once both united and diverse, timeless and yet constantly evolving. [29] The Smi people arrived in their current homeland some time after the beginning of the Common Era. On their journey, they used the ancient river routes of northern Russia. Y-chromosome N-Z1936 makes up similarly about 20%, and likely came from Siberia with the Smi language, but slightly later than N-VL29. Recent genetic studies have indicated that the two most frequent maternal lineages of the Smi people are the haplogroups V (Neolithic in Europe and not found in Finland 1500 years ago[174]) and U5b (ancient in Europe). Throughout history, Swedish settlers were encouraged to move to the northern regions through incentives such as land and water rights, tax allowances, and military exemptions.

When Is Kindergarten Registration 2023 Virginia Beach, South Carolina Conference Football, Articles W