You need to know the names and corresponding uses of each fraction obtained from crude oil. Add 1 mL of universal indicator and note the colour and. pptx, 239.67 KB. In this video, we look at fractional distillation. Information sheet to give to pupils to gather information to complete their 'cut and stick&' activities. Keep one set of fractions and see that they combine to form a mixture very like the original sample. The fractions in crude oil (petroleum) are separated from each other in a process called fractional distillation The molecules in each fraction have similar properties and boiling points, which depend on the number of carbon atoms in the chain The size and length of each hydrocarbon molecule determines in which fraction it will be separated into Gently heat until the thermometer reads around thirty degrees, or there is a consistent release of gas. Liquids boil (liquidgas) at their boiling point . PVA should also work), Empty and clean the bottle and remove any labels, Paint the bottom half of the bottle in red to represent the hottest section, Paint the top half of the bottle in blue to represent the coolest section, In the middle mix the colours to show a gradual change from red to blue to show how the temperature cools as you go up the column, Using a hot glue gun (make sure an adult is helping) glue one of the straws to the completely red fraction this will be where the crude oil is added to the column, On the other side of the bottle, at regular intervals, glue four more of the straw pieces these are the different fractions that are collected from the column, Glue the final straw piece to the lid of the bottle and screw it on this shows the gases that are released from the column, Heat source hot plate or tealight (not bunsen burner). There are several ways to separate different chemicals from one another, and the purification of molecules is often the hardest part of a chemists job! Fractional distillation is the process of heating up a mixture containing different substances with different boiling points, and drawing the different fractions off as they each boil and liquify at its own level. It is important to try the experiment beforehand. The temperature is highest at the bottom of the column. Observe what remains in the conical flask. This gas is a cause of, . Each activity contains comprehensive information for teachers and technicians, including full technical notes and step-by-step procedures. Our customer service team will review your report and will be in touch. I then show you the apparatus for fractional distillation. Calculate the initial density of the fizzy drink? IBO was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, the resources created by Save My Exams. In this experiment, students use a crude oil substitute to model the fractional distillation of crude oil. Fractional distillation separates hydrocarbons using their different boiling points. The many hydrocarbons in crude oil may be separated into fractions, each of which contains molecules of a similar size, by evaporating the oil and allowing it to condense at a number of different temperatures. Reforming is described as the processing of straight-chain hydrocarbons into branched-chain alkanes and cyclic hydrocarbons for efficien, Hard water challenge | Chemistry for All project | 1416 years, Thin-layer chromatography and analgesics | 1618 years, Using thin-layer chromatography to investigate the reaction | 1618 years, Gold coins on a microscale | 1416 years, Practical potions microscale | 1114 years, Antibacterial properties of the halogens | 1418 years, Side-arm hard glass test tube (see note 4 below), Bent delivery tube and rubber connection tubing, Small sample tubes, at least 20 mm x 5 mm (small test tubes can also be used), x4, Thermometer, 0360 C, with cork to fit side-arm test tube, Crude oil substitute (HIGHLY FLAMMABLE and HARMFUL), about 2 cm. Fractional distillation is the process of separating crude oil into groups of hydrocarbons with similar numbers of carbon atoms. This is a resource from thePractical Chemistry project, developed by the Nuffield Foundation and the Royal Society of Chemistry. Simple fractional distillation can be carried out using synthetic crude oil. Clamp the conical flask over the heat source. Finally, we look at what happens during fractional distillation in terms of evaporation and condensation. the gases enter a fractionating column. Stewart specialises in Chemistry, but has also taught Physics and Environmental Systems and Societies. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"e7UyvLHP7xbsdurRR1up96IIvAcTJnu0GZqs4dNsUEI-3600-0"}; Some hydrocarbons with very low boiling points such as natural gases will escape out of the top of the column whilst some hydrocarbons with very high boiling points do not vaporise such as bitumen, which leaves through the bottom of the column. Crude oil contains a mixture of different hydrocarbon compounds that boil at different temperatures. Please tell us how you use Bitesize and the way we could improve it for you. Apr 7, 2022 5.3A: Theory of Fractional Distillation 5.3C: Uses of Fractional Distillation Lisa Nichols Butte College The choice of what fractionating column to use for which application depends in part on availability and the task at hand. Students should be able to recall how boiling point, viscosity and flammability change with increasing molecular size. Gently increase the heat of the soft drink until it begins to boil and produce a. 4.2.1 Crude Oil & Fractional Distillation, 1.1.5 Practical: Investigate the Solubility of a Solid in Water at a Specific Temperature, 1.2.5 Practical: Investigating Paper Chromatography, 1.4.4 Electronic Configuration & Reactivity, 1.5.6 Experiment: Finding Formulae of Compounds, 1.5.7 Practical: Determine the Formula of a Metal Oxide, 1.5.9 Calculate Concentrations of Solutions, 1.6.5 Ionic compounds: Bonds, Structure & Properties, 1.7.2 Covalent Bonds: Dot & Cross Diagrams, 1.9.4 Practical: Investigate the Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions, 2.1.2 Group 1: Reactivity & Electronic Configurations, 2.2.2 Group 7: Reactivity & Electronic Configurations, 2.3.2 Practical: Determine the % of Oxygen in Air, 2.3.4 Carbon Dioxide from Thermal Decomposition, 2.4.6 Practical: Investigate Metals Reacting with Acids, 2.7.8 Practical: Prepare Copper(II)Sulfate, 3.1.6 Practical: Investigating Temperature Changes, 3.2.5 Practical: Effect of Surface Area on Rate of Reaction, 3.2.6 Practical: Effect of Catalysts on Rate of Reaction, 4.7.2 Practical: Preparation of Ethyl Ethanoate, Environmental Systems & Societies (ESS): SL, 1.5 Chemical Formulae, Equations, Calculations, Crude oil as a mixture is not a very useful substance but the different hydrocarbons that make up the mixture, called fractions, are enormously valuable, with each fraction having many different applications, Each fraction consists of groups of hydrocarbons of, The fractions in petroleum are separated from each other in a process called, The molecules in each fraction have similar, The size and length of each hydrocarbon molecule determines in which fraction it will be separated into, The size of each molecule is directly related to how many carbon and hydrogen atoms the molecule contains, Fractional distillation is carried out in a, Crude oil enters the fractionating column and is heated so, The different fractions condense at different heights according to their, The petrochemical industry is hugely important for modern society and development, The fuels that are used in most modern methods of transport (cars, trains, airplanes etc.) Acrylic paint (red and blue, can also use purple), Hot glue gun (alternative glue e.g. These fractions now hold liquid hydrocarbons which will be collected through pipes. Fractional distillation of crude oil GCSE - includes distillation, RSC practical, exam questions. Different-sized hydrocarbons have different boiling points. //]]>, Diagram showing the process of fractional distillation to separate crude oil in a fractionating column. The column is hot at the bottom and cool at the top. GCSE Chemistry animations Periodic table Ionic bonding (1) Mass number Atomic structure pH scale Fractional distillation States of matter Exothermic reaction Neutralisation Distillation Chromatography Titration Short-chain hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons with few carbon atoms are called 'short-chain hydrocarbons'. The following table shows the products of fractional distillation: Revision Centre is here to help you find revision notes, links, and many other resources for your exam revision and studies. GCSE. First, I explain the types of substances that can be separated by fractional distillation. Repeated distillations and condensations are used in the process, and . This process is called fractional distillation. This method can be used because different hydrocarbons have different boiling points. All of the other gases rise up the column, and as they cool, these gases with different boiling points condense and the liquids are separated. As you go up the fractionating column, the hydrocarbons have: Natural gas mainly consists of methane. Long chain hydrocarbons with higher boiling points will condense at lower fractions in the column,whilst shorter chain hydrocarbons with lower boiling points will condense at higher fractions in the column (3/4 Mark). 7.1.2 Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil, 1.3.3 Names & Formulae of Ionic Compounds, 1.5.2 Comparing Ionic & Covalent Compounds, 3.1.8 Core Practical: Preparing Copper Sulfate, 3.2.5 Core Practical: Electrolysis of Copper(II)Sulfate, 4.1.2 Metal Displacement Reactions & Redox, 5.1.2 Group 1: Reactivity & Electronic Configurations, 5.2.4 Group 7: Reactivity & Electronic Configurations, 6.1.1 Core Practical: Investigating Rate of Reaction, 7.1.5 Acid Rain: Nitrogen Oxides & Sulfur Dioxide, Environmental Systems & Societies (ESS): SL, 2.2 Methods of Separating & Purifying Substances, 6.2 Heat Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions, Crude oil as a mixture is not a very useful substance but the different hydrocarbons that make up the mixture, called fractions, are enormously valuable, with each fraction having many different applications, Each fraction consists of groups of hydrocarbons of, The fractions in petroleum are separated from each other in a process called, The molecules in each fraction have similar, The size and length of each hydrocarbon molecule determines in which fraction it will be separated into, The size of each molecule is directly related to how many carbon and hydrogen atoms the molecule contains, Fractional distillation is carried out in a, Crude oil enters the fractionating column and is heated so, The different fractions condense at different heights according to their, The petrochemical industry is hugely important for modern society and development, The fuels that are used in most modern methods of transport (cars, trains, airplanes etc.) Side-arm boiling tubes produce more consistent results than boiling tubes fitted with bungs with two holes, one for a thermometer and one for a delivery tube. Crude oil contains a lot of useful substances that can be used for different purposes. Crude oil can be separated into different fractions using fractional distillation. are all based on oil products, Polymers, lubricants, solvents, detergents and adhesives are all products that are obtained from crude oil, The array of fractions in crude oil and the huge range of compounds we can produce from them all stem from carbons ability to form multiple strong covalent bonds with itself leading to a huge number of organic compounds. Long-chain hydrocarbons The main difference between fractional distillation and simple distillation is that simple distillation separate liquids with boiling point gaps of at least 50 degrees whereas fractional distillation separates liquids with closer boiling points. If you are following a different exam board then you should check your specification.In this video, we look at fractional distillation. First, I explain the types of substances that can be separated by fractional distillation. Short-chain hydrocarbons have lower boiling points. Maintain the heat on the soft drink and collect the remaining distillate. It can be burned in power stations. docx, 65.7 KB. Swap the tube that is running into the first test tube and place it in the secondtest tube. Read about our approach to external linking. As the gas passes through the universal indicator solution in the test tube/vial note the colour change and the pH. Fractional distillation is used to separate different liquids from a mixture of liquids. When we talk about fractional distillation we are normally discussing the fractional distillation of crude oil. ), colour, smell and flammablility. Fill a test tube/vial of the way full with tap water. Compare the smell of test tube 2 and test tube 3. If you do not have time to allow all of the liquid to boil off and leave a solid, collect whatever liquid you may have and weigh it. 4.8.1 Carbon chemistry Hydrocarbons with lots of carbon atoms are called long-chain hydrocarbons. Think about what you have collected in your fractions and what is left in the conical flask. 5.7.1 Carbon compounds as fuels and feedstock, 5.7.1.2 Fractional distillation and petrochemicals, 8.3 Describe and explain the separation of crude oil into simpler, more useful mixtures by the process of fractional distillation, 8.5 Explain how hydrocarbons in different fractions differ from each other in: the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms their molecules contain; boiling points; ease of ignition; viscosity; and are mostly members of the alkane homologous series, 2d Carry out experiments appropriately having due regard for the correct manipulation of apparatus, the accuracy of measurements and health and safety considerations, 4 Safe use of a range of equipment to purify and/or separate chemical mixtures including evaporation, filtration, crystallisation, chromatography and distillation. Finally, we look at what happens during fractional distillation in terms of evaporation and condensation.Image credits: All images were created by and are the property of Autonomy Education Ltd. This collection of over 200 practical activities demonstrates a wide range of chemical concepts and processes. The main fractions and their uses are described in the following table: Some properties of hydrocarbons depend on the size of their molecules, including boiling point, viscosity and flammability, These properties influence how hydrocarbons are used as fuels, This means that more heat is needed to separate the molecules, hence with increasing molecular size there is an, Viscosity also increases with increasing chain length, This is also due to the increased intermolecular forces of attraction as molecular size increases, Increased viscosity means that higher alkanes are useful as lubricants in machinery as they are less likely to burn and function to reduce friction between moving parts, Molecular size again influences the ease of ignitionor flammability of hydrocarbons, This makes them very useful as fuels, releasing large amounts of energy when they burn. Observe chemical changes in this microscale experiment with a spooky twist. Using fractional distillation, we can separate out all of these different components to get more useful products, such as petrol, jet fuel and bitumen, which is the thick, tarry substance that is used to make roads. The method used for fractional distillation is similar to simple distillation but includes the use of a fractionating column placed between the neck of the flask and the thermometer, as shown in the diagram below: was formed from the remains of ancient forests. Methods of separating miscible liquids using simple and fractional distillation PARTS 2.1 and 2.2 Methods of separating mixtures are described e.g. The main fractions and their uses are described in the following table. Lesson plan for my year 9 core GCSE AQA C1 4.1 Fractional Distillation. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"C_JIzRxXcB2o9.GgKAvfXz58ycsoqzNbDMOoEnwpDsw-3600-0"}; 3. (5th Mark)6th Mark may be awarded based off of SPAG (Spelling, Punctuation And Grammar), and structure of response. By using freesciencelessons you agree to our Privacy Policy, Like most websites, freesciencelessons uses cookies. Stewart has been an enthusiastic GCSE, IGCSE, A Level and IB teacher for more than 30 years in the UK as well as overseas, and has also been an examiner for IB and A Level. Stewart has been an enthusiastic GCSE, IGCSE, A Level and IB teacher for more than 30 years in the UK as well as overseas, and has also been an examiner for IB and A Level. Why is it important that these molecules have relatively low boiling points? The fractions increase in viscosity with boiling temperature and should become more coloured as the temperature increases. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . Fractional distillation is the process of heating up a mixture containing different substances with different boiling points, and drawing the different fractions off as they each boil and liquify at its own level. Stewart specialises in Chemistry, but has also taught Physics and Environmental Systems and Societies. Trend in Boiling Point of the Main Fractions. The crude oil mixture is separated in a distillation column. Collect three further fractions, to give the fractions as follows: A black residue remains in the side-arm test tube. This is because it is difficult to get clean, and it still works if oil residues are present. Students can use a crude oil substitute to simulate industrial fractional distillation. Workbooks for schools from 50p per copy. The petrochemical industry can use some fractions as feedstock (material used in an industrial process) to make solvents, lubricants, detergents etc. 4.1.1 A simple model of the atom, symbols, relative atomic mass, electronic charge and isotopes. There are often side products, unreacted starting material or catalysts mixed with the product. I then show you the apparatus for fractional distillation. //

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