Ballotpedia features 411,831 encyclopedic articles written and curated by our professional staff of editors, writers, and researchers. Harrisburg, PA 17106. Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 601 Commonwealth AvenueP.O. [1] He played on the varsity soccer and tennis teams during college. .votebox-results-cell--check { SORNA applied to, among others, those who were required to register under previous versionsand had not yet fulfilled their registration period as of the effective date of SORNA. Under the previous law, the defendant in Muniz would have been required to register for 10 years; under SORNA, which took effect after his crime and conviction, he was required to register for his lifetime. padding-bottom: 0px; Philadelphia Bar Association; Pennsylvania Bar Association; Allegheny County Bar Association, Associate Member; Domestic Relation Procedural Rules Committee of the Supreme Court, Former Vice-Chair; Juvenile Court Judges Commission, Former Vice-Chair There were no incumbents in this race. background-color: #6db24f; The study was based on data from campaign contributions by judges themselves, the partisan leaning of contributors to the judges, orin the absence of electionsthe ideology of the appointing body (governor or legislature). .race_header.republican { text-align: center; Other major figures in the case settled years ago, including the builder and the owner of the private lockups and their companies, in payouts totaling about $25 million. . It hears discretionary appeals from the Pennsylvania Superior Court and the Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court, and it hears certain direct appeals from the Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas. Kevin Brobson ( Republican Party) is a judge of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. He was later a justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court (19501972), serving as Chief Justice from 1961 to 1972. As of August 2021, five judges on the court were elected in partisan elections as Democrats, one judge was elected as a Republican, and one judge was appointed by a Democratic governor. background-color: #f9d334; Thus, it is beyond cavil that petitioners failed to act with due diligence in presenting the instant claim. } background-color: #003388; One unnamed child victim testified that Ciavarella had "ruined my life" and "just didn't let me get to my future," according to Conner's ruling. Justice Sallie Mundy did not participate in the decision. "[45] Pennsylvania Representative Jesse White opposed Act 13. } Republicans will keep one of their two seats on the seven-member court with another election looming. width: 100%; WEST CONSHOHOCKEN, Pa., Jan. 26 /PRNewswire/ -- Former Pennsylvania Supreme Court Justice Sandra Schultz Newman announces the expansion of her private practice focusing in mediation, arbitration . background-color: #003388; .votebox-covid-disclaimer { overflow-x: scroll; He left office on December 31, 2021. He was chief justice from 2008 to 2014. font-size: 12px; Additionally, the progression of U.S. presidents is shown at the top of the timeline to give a more detailed historical context. font-weight: 100; In 2020, Ballotpedia published Ballotpedia Courts: State Partisanship, a study examining the partisan affiliation of all state supreme court justices in the country as of June 15, 2020. . Shippen C.J. He won in the general election on November 2, 2021. color:white; Acted as chief justice under 62 Stat. [1] After retiring from the court, Bell lived in Wynnewood and served as a special assistant to the local district attorney. PACFile. Below is a list of the California Supreme Court Justices, starting with the most recently appointed. } It's May 18. [4], On May 17, 2012, the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette reported that Melvin was expected to be charged the next day as a result of the investigation. } Counties including Montgomery and Philadelphia were still counting mail ballots. On December 19, 2013, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court ruled that certain provisions of the state's Marcellus Shale drilling law, Act 13, were unconstitutional. .inner_percentage.Republican { font-size: 1.25em; The following text from Article V, Section 2 of the Pennsylvania Constitution addresses the jurisdiction of the court: (a) shall be the highest court of the Commonwealth and in this court shall be reposed the supreme judicial power of the Commonwealth; (b) shall consist of seven justices, one of whom shall be the Chief Justice; and, (c) shall have such jurisdiction as shall be provided by law. Chatham University Honorary Doctorate in Laws, 2023 . This study was not a definitive label of a justice but rather an academic gauge of various factors.[28]. margin: 0; } Brobson ( Republican Party) ran for election for judge of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. have state residence for at least one year; Percentage of cases with a unanimous ruling: 43.1% (50), Justice most often writing the majority opinion: Justices Saylor and Donohue (20), Justice with most concurring opinions: Justice Wecht (26), Justice with most dissenting opinions: Justice Saylor (13), By the court of judicial discipline, which hears formal charges from the judicial conduct board if the board finds probable cause to file charges, Impeachment by the house of representatives, plus conviction by two-thirds of the senate. While the eventual winner of the race won't change control of the court, a Republican victory could bring the party closer to retaking the majority it lost nearly a decade ago. Kevin M. Dougherty left: 0; But if HB 38, which could appear as a ballot question in the Pennsylvania primary in May, becomes law, the problem of electing appellate judges gets even worse. Physical Address: Pennsylvania Judicial Center. SORNA increased the lengths of the registration periods. width: 350px; Justices of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court and all judges of the Commonwealth are prohibited by judicial rules of ethics from discussing cases with members of the public. [7], While the justices of the Supreme Court are appointed for life, many have retired or resigned. 601 Commonwealth AvenueP.O. Gov. However, before a third vacancy occurred, the Judiciary Act of 1869 intervened, restoring the Court's size to nine members, where it has remained ever since. background-color: #db0000; .percentage_number { Krasner's office cast the appeal as baseless and likely to fail. } Later legislation increased its size to seven members in 1807, to nine in 1837, and to ten in 1863. font-size: 0.9em; We must not allow todays ruling to send a negative message to job creators and families who depend on the energy industry. Gibson C.J. Republican state legislators are asking the Pennsylvania Supreme Court to revive the impeachment drive against District Attorney Larry Krasner, seen here at . This rule of precedences exists to this day, codified at Title 28, U.S. Code 4. After their first term, judges must stand for retention every 10 years. max-height: 580px; } A retired justice, according to the United States Code, is no longer a member of the Supreme Court, but remains eligible to serve by designation as a judge of a U.S. Court of Appeals or District Court, and many retired justices have served in these capacities. font-size: 16px; . Ronald Castille is a former district attorney of Philadelphia and served on the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania from 1994 to 2014. Historical List of Supreme Court Justices. [1] On May 18, 2012, Melvin was indicted on nine criminal counts alleging she used legislative and judicial staff to perform campaign work. Corbett and his friends in the energy industry: Our fundamental constitutional principles cannot be auctioned off to wealthy special interests in exchange for campaign dollars. text-align: center; In 2001, he was appointed to be the Chief Justice of the state Supreme Court. He is a partner in the Dechert LLP law firm. Allen C.J. During his tenure, he maintained conservative views and often dissented if he felt court decisions were too liberal. For a list of opinions published by the court, click here. color: white; [48] The Judiciary Act of 1722 established the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, 67 years before the creation of the Supreme Court of the United States.[48]. McKean C.J. margin-right: 12px; Carolyn Tornetta Carluccio defeated Patricia McCullough in the Republican primary for Pennsylvania Supreme Court on May 16, 2023. Saylor served as chief justice from January 2015 to April 2021. Several of the childhood victims who were part of the lawsuit when it began in 2009 have since died from overdoses or suicide, Conner said. } Mark Moran/AP In its unsigned opinion, the court wrote the following:[35], Sean Parnell, a Republican congressional candidate who was a party to the lawsuit, said he and the other plaintiffs would appeal the decision to the U.S. Supreme Court. Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? California residents do not sell my data request. .results_table { Concluding that registration on the sex offender list did constitute a punishment, the court ruled that retroactive application of SORNAs registration requirements violated the federal and state ex post facto laws. All names with an asterisk (*) indicate that the justice once served as Chief Justice. .election_results_text { margin-top: 0px; .votebox-results-metadata { From 1939 to 1942, he was Pennsylvania Secretary of Banking under Governor James. table#officeholder-table th, td {font-size: 10px; } letter-spacing: .03em; This process allows companies to access natural gas that was previously unreachable.[44]. float: left; Judges in Pennsylvania may be removed in one of two ways: According to the Pennsylvania Judicial Branch, courts in Pennsylvania before 1700 were "a disparate collection of local, part-time courts inherited from the reign of the Duke of York and established by William Penn." } display: inline-block; It also sent back to the Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court a challenge against a provision in the law preventing doctors from informing patients of the health risks related to shale gas drilling. .race_header, .results_text, .results_table_container, .votebox_legend { .results_table_container { margin-bottom: -2px !important; Five individuals, who were confirmed for associate justice, were later appointed chief justice separately: John Rutledge,[a] Edward Douglass White,[b] Charles Evans Hughes,[a] Harlan F. Stone[b] and William Rehnquist. } He stepped down from the court in 2014, after reaching the mandatory retirement age of 70. } [1] When Governor Edward Martin resigned to take a seat in the United States Senate in 1947, Bell automatically succeeded him as governor. U.S. District Judge Christopher Conner awarded $106 million in compensatory damages and $100 million in punitive damages to nearly 300 people in a long-running civil suit against the judges, writing the plaintiffs are "the tragic human casualties of a scandal of epic proportions.". margin-top: 16px; Served on the Supreme Court twice: first as associate justice and then, after a period of years off the Court, as chief justice. [1] In 1918, he married Sarah Andrews Baker; the couple had three sons and two daughters. .mw-body #mw-content-text .votebox .race_header h5.votebox-header-election-type { Pennsylvania Supreme Court Announces David Price as New Deputy Court Administrator News Article. @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { After a long period of Spanish and Mexican rule, California was occupied by the United States in 1846 during the Mexican-American War. In 1919, Bell was appointed assistant city solicitor of Philadelphia, a position he held for three years. [2] In 2004, Melvin dropped her lawsuit. Jurists are unable to respond to such communications. background: #4c4c4c; July 27, 2023. } Melvin graduated from the University of Notre Dame in 1978 with a B.A. display: inline; She believed the ruling made a strong political statement that would go beyond the specific provision in question. Sallie Mundy (R) (Incumbent) Instead of taking a bad idea judicial elections and making it worse by balkanizing the elections, it would do away with the election of appellate judges entirely. table #officeholder-table td { John Cromwell Bell Jr. (October 25, 1892 - March 18, 1974) was an American lawyer, politician, and judge. The court ruled that a non-prosecution agreement with another prosecutor should have resulted in a lack of charges for Cosby. in economics and earned her J.D. z-index:1; Joan Orie Melvin is a former justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. [8], Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, 116 people have served on the Court. [1][2] Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the Constitution grants plenary power to the President of the United States to nominate, and with the advice and consent of the United States Senate, appoint justices to the Supreme Court; justices have life tenure. 601 Commonwealth Avenue Suite 1500 Harrisburg, PA . She was elected as a judge of the Superior Court of Pennsylvania in 1997 and won retention in 2007. Pennsylvania had a Court Balance Score of -4.71, indicating Democrat control of the court. Melvin was the plaintiff in the case of Melvin v. Doe (575 Pa. 264), in which she sued to uncover the identity of the anonymous blogger "Grant Street 99", who posted allegations that Melvin had engaged in misconduct by lobbying then-Governor Tom Ridge to appoint an attorney for a judicial seat. "It's a huge victory," Marsha Levick, co-founder and chief counsel of the Philadelphia-based Juvenile Law Center and a lawyer for the plaintiffs, said Wednesday. Consider this example: A few years back, in a property tax case before the state Supreme Court, Allegheny County had not reassessed property for tax assessment purposes for over 10 years and was sued to require reassessment in order to equalize taxes as required by our state constitution. Her current term ends on December 31, 2027. .results_row td { font-weight: 300; State of residence at the time of appointment. This graphical timeline depicts the progression of the justices on the U.S. Supreme Court. Alito referred the matter to the full court, which, on December 8, 2020, declined to take up the case. } The inevitable presence of big donors and big money as part of the process understandably causes people to lose confidence in the fairness and objectivity of the judicial system. The state supreme court declined to stay its decision on December 3, 2020. Tom Wolf (D) nominated Mundy to the state supreme court on June 13, 2016, to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Justice Michael Eakin (R). } The Honorable John G. Roberts, Jr., is the 17th Chief Justice of the United States, and there have been 104 Associate Justices in the Court's history. In Pennsylvania, judges are elected by partisan election to 10-year terms. Among the nine justices are three former prosecutors - Neil Gorsuch, Sonia Sotomayor and Samuel Alito - who have been appointed by both Democratic and Republican presidents. border: 1px solid #999; .bptable.gray th { background:#4c4c4c;color:#fff; }, The seven justices of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court are selected in partisan elections.[7]. Harrisburg, PA 17106. padding:7px 8px 8px; .image-candidate-thumbnail-wrapper { padding-right: 10px !important; } display: block; One seat has been vacant since the death of former Chief Justice Max Baer, who occupied the bench for nearly two decades. Pennsylvania Magisterial Districts, Courts in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania judicial elections Judicial selection in Pennsylvania, Debra ToddChristine DonohueKevin BrobsonSallie MundyDavid N. WechtKevin M. Dougherty, J. Michael EakinRonald CastilleRalph CappyThomas SaylorMax BaerCynthia BaldwinJane GreenspanWilliam StrongCorreale StevensJoan Orie MelvinCharles Alvin JonesSeamus P. McCaffery. The history of the California Supreme Court reflects the history of California itself. As it is now, appellate court justices and judges render decisions that apply statewide and interpret laws that apply statewide. .partytd.Green { Update, Nov. 5: As of 4:30 p.m. Friday, Commonwealth Court Judge Drew Crompton, a Republican, led Democrat Lori Dumas by just 1,085 votes, unofficial state results show. There was no court of final appeal. Franklin D. Roosevelt to allow him to appoint an additional justice for each member of the court age 70 years or older who refused to retire was rejected in the 1930s. color: #fff; Justice Raoul G. Cantero Justice Raoul Cantero was the 80th Justice (2002-2008). Harrisburg, PA 17106. How to Address the Chief Justice of a State Supreme Court * Most states call their highest court the Supreme Court but not all do. } Click here to contact our editorial staff or report an error. } color: #6db24f; [1] Career Schultz Newman was the first female Assistant District Attorney in the Montgomery County, and is licensed to practice in Pennsylvania and New York. Ronald Castille is a former district attorney of Philadelphia and served on the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania from 1994 to 2014. text-align: center; .mw-content-ltr td.votebox-results-cell--text, It is composed of seven canons: The full text of the Pennsylvania Code of Judicial Conduct can be found here. The state contended that registration on a sex offender list was merely a civil requirement, not a punishment, and therefore did not fall within the meaning of the clause. .indicate_scroll { He had served three years of his three- to 10-year sentence when he was released. Bell Justice Kenneth Bell was the 81st Justice (2003-2008). [7][10], In the event of a midterm vacancy, the governor appoints a successor who must be approved by a two-thirds vote of the Pennsylvania Senate. Contact our sales team. In 2013, Melvin was convicted of several criminal counts related to her use of legislative and judicial staff to perform campaign work. hide caption. Our goal was to determine which justices ruled together most often, which frequently dissented, and which courts featured the most unanimous or contentious decisions. The map below highlights how vacancies are filled in state supreme courts across the country. .outer_percentage { For example, Maryland and New York call their highest court the Court of Appeals. Former Luzerne County Court Judges Michael Conahan, front left, and Mark Ciavarella, front right, leave the United States District Courthouse in Scranton, Pa., in 2009. Physical Address: Pennsylvania Judicial Center. [6], The table below lists the current justices of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, their political party, and when they assumed office. Report and Recommendations of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court Elder Law Task Force (Chair) (2014) . .inner_percentage { From 1981 to 1985, Melvin served as a corporate counsel and was engaged in a private law practice, concentrating in civil litigation. In Pennsylvania, there are three federal district courts, state supreme court, a superior court, a commonwealth court, and trial courts with both general and limited jurisdiction. width: 100% if(document.getElementsByClassName("reference").length==0) if(document.getElementById('Footnotes')!==null) document.getElementById('Footnotes').parentNode.style.display = 'none'; .courts-container { background-color:#fcfcfc; width:100%; border:1px solid black;padding:5px;text-align:center;clear:both; } font-size: 2em; The use of positive and negative numbers in presenting both Confidence Scores and Court Balance Scores should not be understood to that either a Republican or Democratic score is, Title 42, Chapter 7, Subchapter B of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, Pennsylvania Constitution Article V, Section 2, How vacancies are filled in state supreme courts, Pennsylvania Supreme Court elections, 2023. complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. The want of due diligence demonstrated in this matter is unmistakable. Supreme Court. [2] He later earned a reputation as a strong opponent of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies, publishing such booklets as Can We Think and Dare We Speak (1934), What Do You Know About the New Deal? The study presented Confidence Scores that represented our confidence in each justice's degree of partisan affiliation, based on a variety of factors. [42], A majority of the court agreed. text-align: left !important; background-color: #6db24f; text-align: left; The five categories of Confidence Scores were: We used the Confidence Scores of each justice to develop a Court Balance Score, which attempted to show the balance among justices with Democratic, Republican, and Indeterminate Confidence Scores on a court. The Pennsylvania legislators who helped lead an effort to impeach Philadelphia District Attorney Larry Krasner last year have asked the state Supreme Court to overturn a prior court ruling that . .results_text { text-align: center; Box 61260Suite 1500Harrisburg, PA 17106, 601 Commonwealth Avenue Suite 1500 Harrisburg, PA 17120, 1515 Market Street Suite 1414 Philadelphia, PA 19102, 2023 The Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania, Follow the Unified Judicial System on Twitter, Search, view and print court docket sheets, Securely pay fines, costs, and restitution, Electronically file documents with the courts, Commonwealth Court Prothonotary's Address, Office of Children & Families in the Courts, Historical List of Supreme Court Justices, 1690-91, 1693, 1698, 1701, 1705-06; CJ, 1707, 1709, 1711-15. background-color: grey; "To have an order from a federal court that recognizes the gravity of what the judges did to these children in the midst of some of the most critical years of their childhood and development matters enormously, whether or not the money gets paid.". On October 1, 2022, the state Supreme Court announced that Baer had died. On February 2, 1848, Mexico officially ceded California to the United States in exchange for $15 million. [1] His father served as District Attorney of Philadelphia (19031907) and Attorney General of Pennsylvania (19111915). Historian's notes . .race_header.green { Elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court. "Fracking" is the term used to describe hydraulic fracturing, which is a way to mine natural gas from shale rock layers in the earth. In total, the study found that there were 15 states with Democrat-controlled courts, 27 states with Republican-controlled courts, and eight states with Split courts. display: inline-block; .results_row td:first-child { text-align: center; top: -1px; Sandra Schultz Newman (born November 4, 1938) is a former justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. [2], In 1942, Bell was elected Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania after defeating Democrat Elmer Kilroy, the Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, by more than 235,000 votes. Sallie Mundy (Republican Party) is a judge on the Pennsylvania Supreme Court.She assumed office on July 21, 2016. The most they know comes from self-serving advertising fueled by big money contributed by groups who have an interest in matters that typically come before the court. In 2013, Melvin was convicted of several criminal counts related to her use of legislative and judicial staff to perform campaign work. overflow: hidden; } 1152, June 30 July 3, 1941. .partytd.Gray { Source. .results_row { } } The court was established by the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly in 1722 as a successor to the Provincial Court established in 1684. display: block; Supreme Court Justices; Docket Sheets; Court Opinions and Postings; Supreme Court Prothonotary's Addresses; Calendar; Committees, Boards & Advisory Groups; . [43], Act 13 established regulations for natural gas drilling in Pennsylvania. He was chief justice from 2008 to 2014. .inner_percentage.Green { Thomas Saylor, the chief justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, complained about the "minority agenda" of a fellow justice, according to a sworn affidavit by a former state judge. "Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2017: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President", "Dems' Choices For Bench Surprisingly Slim", "Supreme Court Nominations (1789-Present)", Visual Overview of US Supreme Court Justices 17892019, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&oldid=1167096330, This page was last edited on 25 July 2023, at 17:37. John Bell was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to John Cromwell Bell and Fleurette deBenneville (Myers) Bell. 601 Commonwealth AvenueP.O. I will continue to work with members of the House and Senate to ensure that Pennsylvanias thriving energy industry grows and provides jobs while balancing the interests of local communities. [7][8] To learn more about these elections, visit the Pennsylvania judicial elections page.

The majority opinion stated that "several challenged provisions of Act 13 are unconstitutional" and that "the exploitation of the Marcellus Shale Formation will produce a detrimental effect on the environment, on the people, their children, and the future generations, and potentially on the public purse, perhaps rivaling the environmental effects of coal extraction."[43]. Pennsylvania Superior Court While Willis Van Devanter and Joseph Rucker Lamar were sworn in as associate justice on the same date, their seniority (. He assumed office on December 26, 2003. overflow-y: hidden; .partytd.Democratic { top: 0px; This was not a measure of where a justice fell on the political or ideological spectrum, but rather a measure of how much confidence we had that a justice was or had been affiliated with a political party. } font-size: 12px; To read more about the partisan election of judges, click here. padding-bottom: 8px; There are eight states that use this selection method. background-color: #db0000; Chew J. letter-spacing: .04em; font-size: 20px; background-color: #db0000; McCaffery also is the brother of a former Pennsylvania Supreme Court justiceSeamus McCaffery (D), who . } Nine Justices make up the current Supreme Court: one Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices. padding-bottom: 8px; David N. Wecht 1152, April 22 June 24, 1946, and again, under 62, Although Lewis Powell and William H. Rehnquist were both sworn into office as associate justice on the same day, Powell by law took. background-color: #dac113; Strong C.J. [41], In Commonwealth v. Muniz, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court ruled that Pennsylvanias Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (SORNA) could not apply retroactively to a defendant who was found guilty of a sex crime before the legislation took effect. Daniel D. McCaffery defeated Deborah A. Kunselman in the Democratic primary for Pennsylvania Supreme Court on May 16, 2023. Check for specifics. } overflow-x: auto; At the time of his appointment, he was the first justice from Pensacola in a century and the first from west of Tallahassee since 1917. .inner_percentage, .inner_percentage.Nonpartisan, .inner_percentage.Independent, .inner_percentage.Constitution, .inner_percentage.unknown { She ran twice for justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court as a Republican, but lost to Max Baer in 2003. width: 50%; } The current chief of the court is Debra Todd. Historically, the average length of service on the Court has been less than 15 years. } She said, "With this huge win we will move ahead to further undo the industry's grip of our state government. An opening on Pennsylvania's Supreme Court is forcing Republican primary voters to decide whether to back a judge who briefly stalled Pennsylvania's certification of Joe Biden's narrow victory in the 2020 presidential election. [7], On May 7, 2013, Melvin was sentenced to 3 years of house arrest followed by 2 years of probation. font-weight: 300; } Birthplace. This article is about the former Governor of Pennsylvania. padding-left: 0; Education [ edit] padding-bottom: 7px; He died on March 18, 1974[4] at age 81, and is buried at St. Asaph Cemetery in Bala Cynwyd. justice assumed office additional dates; P. Kevin Brobson: 2022: 2022-Sallie Updyke Mundy: 2018: 2016-David N. Wecht: 2016: 2016-Kevin M. Dougherty : 2016: . [2] He was the older brother of Bert Bell, who was commissioner of the National Football League (19461959). . top: 2px; Courts closest to zero either had justices with conflicting partisanship or justices with Indeterminate Confidence Scores.[27]. She is a member of the Republican Party . .votebox { Dwayne D. Woodruff. font-weight: bold; Stay up to date with the biggest stories of the day with ANC's 'Dateline Philippines' (20 July 2023) | ABS-CBN News Channel, Philippines Debra Todd 601 Commonwealth AvenueP.O. height: 50px; In addition to deciding local races, voters this year will elect a slew of new judges to Pennsylvania's three statewide appellate courts judges who will no doubt shape important policy in the state for at least the next decade. In an opinion authored by Justice Kevin M. Dougherty, the court noted that the ex post facto clauses of the federal and Pennsylvania constitutions entitled the public to fair warning about what constitutes criminal conduct, and what the punishments for that conduct entail. In other words, the state may not punish a defendant beyond what the law allowed at the time of his or her crime. Christine Donohue John Cromwell Bell Jr. (October 25, 1892 March 18, 1974) was an American lawyer, politician, and judge.

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