Spencer remarked upon his first visit to Carnegie's steel mills in Pittsburgh, which Carnegie saw as the manifestation of Spencer's philosophy, "Six months' residence here would justify suicide."[117]. The building is now used as the Cooper-Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, part of the Smithsonian Institution. Andrew Carnegie (Scots:[krni], English: /krni/ kar-NEG-ee;[2][3][note 1] November 25, 1835 August 11, 1919) was a Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist. The war demonstrated how integral the industries were to American success.[31]. Spencer stated that he trusted no organization of any kind, "political, religious, literary, philanthropic", and believed that as they expanded in influence so too did their regulations expand. Menu. Following his tour of the UK, he wrote about his experiences in a book entitled An American Four-in-hand in Britain. On the subject of charity Andrew Carnegie's actions diverged in the most significant and complex manner from Herbert Spencer's philosophies. Andrew Carnegie was only five feet tall. He started work in the . In these letters, one of which was published in The New York Times in full text,[129] Carnegie is extolled as a "lover of the world of humanity and one of the founders of Universal Peace". By 1889, the U.S. output of steel exceeded that of the UK, and Carnegie owned a large part of it. The aim of the Trust was to improve and extend the opportunities for scientific research in the Scottish universities and to enable the deserving and qualified youth of Scotland to attend a university. Andrew Carnegie was an industrial baron and a proud donor. In 1914, on the eve of the First World War, Carnegie founded the Church Peace Union (CPU), a group of leaders in religion, academia, and politics. [113] Conversely, Carnegie, a titan of industry, seems to embody all of the qualities of Spencerian survival of the fittest. Over the course of twenty years, Carnegie's steel properties grew to include the Edgar Thomson Steel Works, the Lucy Furnace Works, the Union Iron Mills, the Homestead Works, the Keystone Bridge Works, the Hartman Steel Works, the Frick Coke Company, and the Scotia ore mines among many other industry-related assets. The fraternity's mission reflects Carnegie's values by developing young men to share their talents to create harmony in the world. To spend the next third making all the money one can. "The emigrant is the capable, energetic, ambitious, discontented man." Andrew Carnegie INDUSTRIOUS YOUTH At the age of 13, Carnegie worked from dawn until dark as a bobbin boy in a cotton mill, carrying bobbins to the workers at the looms and earning $1.20 per week. The scale of his giving is almost without peer: adjusted for inflation, his donations exceed those of virtually everyone else in the nation's history. Carnegie believed that it involved a denial of the fundamental democratic principle, and he also urged William McKinley to withdraw American troops and allow the Filipinos to live with their independence. While not directly connected to the strike, Berkman was tied in for the assassination attempt. No man was more responsible for that growth in the U.S. steel industry than Andrew Carnegie. To spend the first third of one's life getting all the education one can. [62][63][64], Carnegie was a major patron of music. 1914, 1 Juli, p. 91. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Additionally, a previous owner removed and sold for scrap the three cast iron discharge pipes that previously allowed a controlled release of water. Andrew Carnegie was born on November 25, 1835, in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland. Ernsberger, Jr., Richard "A Fool for Peace". Mine be it to have contributed to the enlightenment and the joys of the mind, to the things of the spirit, to all that tends to bring into the lives of the toilers of Pittsburgh sweetness and light. Mr and Mrs Andrew Carnegie. Carnegie learned much about management and cost control during these years, and from Scott in particular.[11]. Workers considered the stoppage a "lockout" by management and not a "strike" by workers. [26] As superintendent Carnegie made a salary of $1500 a year ($49,000 by 2022 inflation). In his autobiography, Carnegie describes his family as moderate Presbyterian believers, writing that "there was not one orthodox Presbyterian" in his family; various members of his family having somewhat distanced themselves from Calvinism, some of them leaning more towards Swedenborgianism. High above the city, near the small town of South Fork, the South Fork Dam was originally built between 1838 and 1853 by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as part of a canal system to be used as a reservoir for a canal basin in Johnstown. It was 8 o'clock on the evening of April 22, 1887. The following are all named for Andrew Carnegie: the dinosaur Diplodocus carnegii, the cactus Carnegiea gigantea, the Carnegie Medal children's literature award, Carnegie Hall in New York City, Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. [106][107] Spencerian 'survival of the fittest' firmly credits any provisions made to assist the weak, unskilled, poor and distressed to be an imprudent disservice to evolution. [92][93][94][95], Carnegie gave "formal allegiance" to the Republican Party, though he was said to be "a violent opponent of some of the most sacred doctrines" of the party.[96]. He also paid close attention to his work and quickly learned to distinguish the different sounds the incoming telegraph signals produced. Frick was well known in industrial circles for maintaining staunch anti-union sentiment. The buyout, secretly negotiated by Charles M. Schwab (no relation to Charles R. Schwab), was the largest such industrial takeover in United States history to date. [78], Carnegie was one of more than 50 members of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, which has been blamed for the Johnstown Flood that killed 2,209 people in 1889.[79]. Most notably, Carnegie believed that the future leaders of society would rise from the ranks of the poor. Later in life, Carnegie's firm opposition to religion softened. In 1898 Carnegie joined the American Anti-Imperialist League, in opposition to the U.S. annexation of the Philippines. Carnegie Mellon University and the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh jointly administer the Andrew Carnegie Collection of digitized archives on Carnegie's life. [9] In 1836, the family moved to a larger house in Edgar Street (opposite Reid's Park), following the demand for more heavy damask, from which his father benefited. The highlight was a return to Dunfermline, where Carnegie's mother laid the foundation stone of a Carnegie Library which he funded. The Carnegie Steel Company continued to prosper even during the depression of 1892, which was marked by the bloody Homestead strike. Andrew Carnegie was born on November 25, 1835 in Dunfermline, Scotland. Goldin, Milton (1997). [123] Carnegie also held a strong opinion against inherited wealth. The demand for iron products, such as armor for gunboats, cannons, and shells, as well as a hundred other industrial products, made Pittsburgh a center of wartime production. Ernsberger Jr., Richard. In return he asked the ex-president to mediate the growing conflict between the cousins who ruled Britain and Germany. "Mr. Carnegie Gives To All" (PDF). 3. Between 1881, when the club was opened, and 1889, the dam frequently sprang leaks and was patched, mostly with mud and straw. Carnegie sold his company to J.P. Morgans newly formed United States Steel Corporation for $480,000,000 in 1901. Carnegie is buried only a few yards away from union organizer Samuel Gompers, another important figure of industry in the Gilded Age. [149] Carnegie was awarded as Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau by Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands on August 25, 1913. The Carnegie Collections of the Columbia University Rare Book and Manuscript Library consist of the archives of the following organizations founded by Carnegie: The Carnegie Corporation of New York (CCNY); The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (CEIP); the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching (CFAT);The Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs (CCEIA). He was also one of the most important philanthropists of his era, establishing several trusts, including the Carnegie Corporation of New York, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and the Carnegie Institution of Washington. [57], In 1901, in Scotland, he gave $10 million to establish the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland. While a child, his family led vigorous theological and political disputes. Before the Civil War, Carnegie arranged a merger between Woodruff's company and that of George Pullman, the inventor of the sleeping car for first-class travel, which facilitated business travel at distances over 500 miles (800km). There is nothing that robs a righteous cause of its strength more than a millionaire's money. The book made many Americans appreciate their country's economic progress and sold over 40,000 copies, mostly in the U.S. He saved letters of appreciation from those he helped in a desk drawer labeled "Gratitude and Sweet Words. Take-Aways. Spencer saw tariffs as a form of taxation that levied against the majority in service to "the benefit of a small minority of manufacturers and artisans". [18] In his autobiography, Carnegie writes about the hardships he had to endure with this new job. [11] Struggling to make ends meet, the Carnegies then decided to borrow money from George Lauder, Sr.[12] and move to Allegheny, Pennsylvania, in the United States in 1848 for the prospect of a better life. I had to run a small steam-engine and to fire the boiler in the cellar of the bobbin factory. Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy - Andrew Carnegie: Pioneer. Nasaw quotes a private letter Roosevelt wrote to Whitelaw Reid in 1905:[86]. The cover depicted an upended royal crown and a broken scepter. Let us settle in Oxford and I shall get a thorough education, making the acquaintance of literary men. In 1901, Carnegie was 65 years of age and considering retirement. John Pierpont Morgan was a banker and America's most important financial deal maker. ", Cited in Bruno Tertrais "The Demise of Ares: The End of War as We Know It?". In his final days, Carnegie had pneumonia. The telescope saw first light on November 2, 1917, with Carnegie still alive. The budget presented in the British Parliament the other day proposes to increase the death duties; and, most significant of all, the new tax is to be a graduated one. Any technological innovation that could reduce the cost of making steel was speedily adopted, and in the 1890s Carnegies mills introduced the basic open-hearth furnace into American steelmaking. ", He provided $25,000 a year to the movement for spelling reform. Chief among Carnegies writings are Triumphant Democracy (1886; rev. In 1864, Carnegie was one of the early investors in the Columbia Oil Company in Venango County, Pennsylvania. Andrew Carnegie . Carnegie believed the concentration of capital was essential for societal progress and should be encouraged. He reformed his enterprises into conventional joint stock corporations as preparation for this. [122] Carnegie urged other wealthy people to contribute to society in the form of parks, works of art, libraries and other endeavors that improve the community and contribute to the "lasting good". I found myself night after night, sitting up in bed trying the steam gauges, fearing at one time that the steam was too low and that the workers above would complain that they had not power enough, and at another time that the steam was too high and that the boiler might burst.[19]. He also donated large sums of money to Dunfermline, the place of his birth. He rose to prominence by founding what became the world's . At the age of 12, due to an economic depression in Scotland, Carnegie's family immigrated to the United States and joined a Scottish colony in Allegheny, Pennsylvania, just outside of Pittsburgh. Hellenic American Center of the Arts (Feb. 23, 2015). In 1889, Carnegie published "Wealth" in the June issue of the North American Review. But the design of such libraries was the subject of prolonged and heated debate. Carnegie also served on the Boards of Cornell University and Stevens Institute of Technology. [36], Besides Carnegie's market manipulation, United States trade tariffs were also working in favor of the steel industry. Following the rise of Andrew Carnegie's career from a mere worker in a cotton factory in Pittsburgh, U.S., to his critical acclaim as one of the greatest steel industrialists, the article below explores the true life story and 10 major accomplishments of the Scottish-born philanthropist cum business magnate. Carnegies father, William Carnegie, a handloom weaver, was a Chartist and marcher for workingmans causes; his maternal grandfather, Thomas Morrision, also an agitator, had been a friend of William Cobbett. Carnegie led the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century and became one of the richest Americans in history. After the flood, Carnegie built Johnstown a new library to replace the one built by Cambria's chief legal counsel Cyrus Elder, which was destroyed in the flood. [150] Carnegie received July 1, 1914 an honorary doctorate from the University of Groningen the Netherlands.[151]. On one hand, the library profession called for designs that supported efficiency in administration and operation; on the other, wealthy philanthropists favored buildings that reinforced the paternalistic metaphor and enhanced civic pride. 29 episodes. My aspirations take a higher flight. [55], Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Carnegie Library at Syracuse University, New York, Carnegie Library, Moorreesburg, South Africa, In 1900, Carnegie gave $2 million to start the Carnegie Institute of Technology (CIT) at Pittsburgh and the same amount in 1902 to found the Carnegie Institution at Washington, D.C., for encourage research and discovery. He gave the trustees a wide discretion, and they inaugurated a policy of financing rural library schemes rather than erecting library buildings, and of assisting the musical education of the people rather than granting organs to churches.[70]. [134], His largest and in the long run most influential peace organization was the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, formed in 1910 with a $10 million endowment. Best of 2022 Top 250 Movies Most Popular Movies Top 250 TV Shows Most Popular TV Shows Most Popular Video Games Most Popular Music Videos Most Popular Podcasts. 1910 1920 1930 1940 Nov 25, 1835, Andrew Carnegie was born. David S. Patterson,"Andrew Carnegie's quest for world peace. (1991). His method was to provide funds to build and equip the library, but only on the condition that the local authority matched that by providing the land and a budget for operation and maintenance. Andrew Carnegie was born to Margaret Morrison Carnegie and William Carnegie in Dunfermline, Scotland, in a typical weaver's cottage with only one main room, consisting of half the ground floor, which was shared with the neighboring weaver's family. With the steel industry doing well and prices higher, the AA asked for a wage increase; the AA represented about 800 of the 3,800 workers at the plant. Carnegie believed that it is the effort and will of the people, that maintains the peace in international relations. ", Patterson, David S. (1970). ", Rees, Jonathan. From about 187273, at about age 38, he began concentrating on steel, founding near Pittsburgh the J. Edgar Thomson Steel Works, which would eventually evolve into the Carnegie Steel Company. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Andrew Carnegie was a big admirer of laissez-faire economic policies of governments. The ability to direct individual accomplishments toward organizational objectives. [23] Carnegie was a consistent borrower and a "self-made man" in both his economic development and his intellectual and cultural development. [65] He built the music performing venue Carnegie Hall in New York City; it opened in 1891 and remained in his family until 1925. Andrew Carnegie may be the most influential philanthropist in American history. According to biographer Burton J. Hendrick: Carnegie's personal papers are at the Library of Congress Manuscript Division. According to Berkman, "with the elimination of Frick, responsibility for Homestead conditions would rest with Carnegie. Its membership included former presidents of the United States Grover Cleveland and Benjamin Harrison and literary figures such as Mark Twain. Burton J. Hendrick, "Carnegie, Andrew, 18351919". Carnegie devoted the remainder of his life to large-scale philanthropy, with special emphasis on building local libraries, world peace, education, and scientific research. [104] Individuals who survived to this, the latest and highest stage of evolutionary progress would be "those in whom the power of self-preservation is the greatestare the select of their generation. He saluted Roosevelt for forcing Germany and Britain to arbitrate their conflict with Venezuela in 1903, and especially for becoming the mediator who negotiated an end to the war between Russia and Japan in 1907-1908. Published September 11, 2021, Your email address will not be published. Andrew Carnegie was an American industrialist known for expanding the American Stell industry during the late 19th C. During his era, there were no bigger philanthropists than Andrew Carnegie. From South East. "Simplified Spelling and the Cult of Efficiency in the 'Progressiv' Era. It was too much for me. He published three books on travel. He was previously married to Louise Whitfield. Andrew Carnegie, (born November 25, 1835, Dunfermline, Fife, Scotlanddied August 11, 1919, Lenox, Massachusetts, U.S.), Scottish-born American industrialist who led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century. Making matters worse, the country was in starvation. "[83] Afterwards, the company successfully resumed operations with non-union immigrant employees in place of the Homestead plant workers, and Carnegie returned to the United States. In 1886, Carnegie's younger brother Thomas died at age 43. Carnegie was born on 25 November 1835 in Dunfermline, Scotland. Carnegie spent energy and resources lobbying Congress for a continuation of favorable tariffs from which he earned millions of dollars a year. This project was an important proof-of-concept for steel technology, which marked the opening of a new steel market. Most of his books were promoted as expounding principles to achieve "success". It was created by a deed that he signed on June 7, 1901, and it was incorporated by royal charter on August 21, 1902. [90], Carnegie bought Skibo Castle in Scotland,[91] and made his home partly there and partly in his New York mansion located at 2 East 91st Street at Fifth Avenue. The "Andrew Carnegie Dictum" was: Carnegie was involved in philanthropic causes, but he kept himself away from religious circles. It gave a highly favorable and idealized view of American progress and criticized the British royal family. This strategy was a success, and Knox and Reed were able to fend off all lawsuits that would have placed blame upon the club's members. [58] He was subsequently elected Lord Rector of University of St. Andrews in December 1901,[59] and formally installed as such in October 1902,[60] serving until 1907. This autobiography of Andrew Carnegie is a very well written and interesting history of one of the most wealthy men in the United states. Before his death on August 11, 1919, Carnegie had donated $350,695,654 for various causes. The amassing of wealth is one of the worse species of idolatry. Carnegie accepted the job with the railroad as he saw more prospects for career growth and experience there than with the telegraph company. The two men enjoyed a mutual respect for one another and maintained a correspondence until Spencer's death in 1903. "Andrew Carnegie's Quest for World Peace. Among his many accomplishments and philanthropic works, he was an author, having written, besides this autobiography, Triumphant . Carnegie argued that the life of a wealthy industrialist should comprise two parts. Carnegie married Louise Whitfield in 1887. [9] He was named after his paternal grandfather. [15] Eventually, the father and son both received job offers at the same Scottish-owned cotton mill, Anchor Cotton Mills. [116], Despite Carnegie's personal dedication to Herbert Spencer as a friend, his adherence to Spencer's political and economic ideas is more contentious. He did not oppose the annexation of the Hawaiian islands or Puerto Rico, but he opposed the annexation of the Philippines. In 1889 Carnegies vast holdings were consolidated into the Carnegie Steel Company, a limited partnership that henceforth dominated the American steel industry. The ability to direct individual accomplishments toward organizational objectives. There had been some speculation as to the dam's integrity, and concerns had been raised by the head of the Cambria Iron Works downstream in Johnstown. "'The Utmost Amount of Effective Accommodation': Andrew Carnegie and the Reform of the American Library. Andrew Carnegie was an industrialist best known for leading the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century. [25] His employment by the Pennsylvania Railroad would be vital to his later success. His mother avoided the topic of religion. He was a founding financial backer of Jeannette Thurber's National Conservatory of Music of America in 1885. This doctrine held that a man who accumulates great wealth has a duty to use his surplus wealth for the improvement of mankind in philanthropic causes. She was 30 and her soon-to-be husband was none other than industrialist Andrew Carnegie, 21 years her . On another sheet of paper, make a timeline of Andrew Carnegie's life. [27] In 1855, Scott made it possible for Carnegie to invest $500 in the Adams Express Company, which contracted with the Pennsylvania to carry its messengers. [87] After she died in 1886, the 51-year-old Carnegie married Louise Whitfield,[87] who was 21 years his junior. The grave site is located on the Arcadia Hebron plot of land at the corner of Summit Avenue and Dingle Road. The first part was the gathering and the accumulation of wealth. [88] In 1897,[89] the couple had their only child, Margaret, who they named after Carnegie's mother. After his death, his last $30 million was given to foundations, charities, and to pensioners. His philanthropic interests centered around the goals of education and world peace. Less than 20 miles (32km) downstream from the dam sat the city of Johnstown. His wife Louise continued to live there until her death in 1946. [119] Carnegie, a self-proclaimed devotee of Spencer, testified to Congress on February 5, 1915: "My business is to do as much good in the world as I can; I have retired from all other business. Between 1886 and 1917, Carnegie reformed both library philanthropy and library design, encouraging a closer correspondence between the two. It is as noxious folly to denounce war per se as it is to denounce business per se. I figure that this will take three years' active work. His father left the Presbyterian church after a sermon on infant damnation, while, according to Carnegie, still remaining very religious on his own. The outbreak of the First World War was clearly a shock to Carnegie and his optimistic view on world peace. Place three pictures or illustrations on your timeline to depict key events or important places in Carnegie's life. He wrote: I propose to take an income no greater than $50,000 per annum! [53] CIT is now known as Carnegie Mellon University after it merged with the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research. Apr 1, 1901, He sold Carnegie Steel Company. The second was in his vertical integration of all suppliers of raw materials. [29] His steel enterprises were bought out for $303,450,000. The establishing gift of $10 million was then an unprecedented sum: at the time, total government assistance to all four Scottish universities was about 50,000 a year. In: McGormick, Blaine, and Burton W. Folsom Jr. "Survey of Business Historians on America's Greatest Entrepreneurs. Throughout the 1880s and 1890s, for example, Carnegie allowed his steel works to fill large orders of armor plate for the building of an enlarged and modernized United States Navy, but he opposed American overseas expansion. Innovator. He developed the ability to translate signals by ear, without using the paper slip,[22] and within a year was promoted to an operator. Andrew Carnegie, (born November 25, 1835, Dunfermline, Fife, Scotlanddied August 11, 1919, Lenox, Massachusetts, U.S.), Scottish-born American industrialist who led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century. He passed away on 11 August 1919 in Lenox, Massachusetts. Andrew Carnegie giving to colleges. Carnegie was honored for his philanthropy and support of the arts by initiation as an honorary member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia fraternity on October 14, 1917, at the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston, Massachusetts. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Many of these were part of the corruption indulged in by Scott and the president of the Pennsylvania Railroad, John Edgar Thomson, which consisted of inside trading in companies that the railroad did business with, or payoffs made by contracting parties "as part of a quid pro quo". [11] At age 24, Scott asked Carnegie if he could handle being superintendent of the Western Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad. [25] On December 1, 1859, Carnegie officially became superintendent of the Western Division. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Feb 15, 1851, He became a telegraph operator. The young Carnegie continued to work for Pennsylvania's Tom Scott and introduced several improvements in the service. He wanted to be identified by the world as a "positivist". Liberal in its use of statistics to make its arguments, the book argued his view that the American republican system of government was superior to the British monarchical system. [103] Although Carnegie claimed to be a disciple of Spencer, many of his actions went against the ideas he espoused. He funded the Carnegie Hall in New York City, the Peace Palace in the Netherlands, founded the Carnegie Corporation of New York, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Carnegie Institution for Science, Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie Hero Fund, Carnegie Mellon University, and the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, among others. [108] Spencer insisted people should resist for the benefit of collective humanity, as severe fate singles out the weak, debauched, and disabled. Despite its inauspicious beginning, the CPU thrived. In 1881, Carnegie took his family, including his 70-year-old mother, on a trip to the United Kingdom. He was a hard worker and would memorize all of the locations of Pittsburgh's businesses and the faces of important men. He was an immigrant from Scotland who came to America and became successful. The son of a poor Scottish immigrant, Carnegie built an empire in steel manuf. Andrew Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland on November 25, 1825 1835. Carnegie did not want to marry during his mother's lifetime, instead choosing to take care of her in her illness towards the end of her life. The organization also included Mark Twain and two former U.S. Presidents. Carnegies own distributions of wealth came to total about $350,000,000, of which $62,000,000 went for benefactions in the British Empire and $288,000,000 for benefactions in the United States. [I have] tried hard to like Carnegie, but it is pretty difficult. Pennsylvania Governor Robert Pattison ordered two brigades of the state militia to the strike site. He was invited to many important social functions, which Carnegie exploited to his advantage.[33]. He befriended the English poet Matthew Arnold, the English philosopher Herbert Spencer, and the American humorist Mark Twain, as well as being in correspondence and acquaintance with most of the U.S. Presidents,[40] statesmen, and notable writers.[41]. He made many wise choices and found that his investments, especially those in oil, brought in substantial returns.. The Carnegie-donated library is now owned by the Johnstown Area Heritage Association, and houses the Flood Museum. He later contributed more to these and other schools. Carnegies subsequent rise was rapid, and in 1859 he succeeded Scott as superintendent of the railroads Pittsburgh division. When the Industrial Revolution hit Scotland, mechanized looms drove the handloom . [37] Carnegie tried to keep this information concealed, but legal documents released in 1900, during proceedings with the ex-chairman of Carnegie Steel, Henry Clay Frick, revealed how favorable the tariffs had been.[38]. Andrew Carnegie died on August 11, 1919, in Lenox, Massachusetts. All Rights Reserved. [77] He was buried at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, New York. A statue of Carnegie was later built between 1913 and 1914 in the park as a commemoration for his creation of the park. In his 1854 essay "Manners and Fashion", Spencer referred to public education as "Old schemes". The Diapason. Of course I may be wrong in believing that, but I am certainly not wrong that if it were dependent on any millionaire's money it would begin as an object of pity and end as one of derision. Let us cast aside business forever, except for others. The Diapason. Carnegie's first job in 1848 was as a bobbin boy, changing spools of thread in a cotton mill 12 hours a day, 6 days a week in a Pittsburgh cotton factory.

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