Rio de Janeiro means River of January. Opportunistic pathogens can either thrive as free living or take up an infectious lifestyle, when in contact with a suitable host. Cruises vary from 2-4 hrs and run from aprx. The bay has social-economic importance and it is used, among others, as harbor (e), for artisanal fisheries (f), and recreational purposes (d). The harbor was discovered as they were trying to map the shoreline of the South American continent. A State monitoring program (Environmental Institution of Rio de Janeiro State, INEA) shows that surface waters on the central channel and on the eastern part of the bay usually had fecal coliform counts below 1,000 MPN 100 ml-1 (INEA, 2013, 2014a7,8), which is the limit set by Brazilian law for recreational use (it should be pointed that this limit is higher than the one adopted in Europe and North America) (Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente, 1992). Industrial production on that region continues to grow up to this date, but the TPLC guarantees that there is no increase in chemical oxygen demand (COD) on the water, consequently preventing the negative effects of eutrophication (Anderson et al., 2002; Imai et al., 2006). 77, 412417. Env. They found three distinct periods, the first from 1810 to 1870s, a period of low level of P concentration [with total P (TP) concentration of 195 23 g/g, and a mean inorganic P (IP) of 47 34%]; the second period up to the early 1900s, with a slight P increase (TP 2915 30 g/g, mean IP 63 3%); and a third period, up to the present, of strong P enrichment (TP 1196 355 g/g, mean IP that 90 3%). Rio de Janeiro was founded by the Portuguese in 1565, but Guanabara Bay (the gateway into Brazil) was discovered earlier, on January 1st, 1502. B., and Rangel, C. M. (2011). Location of Guanabara Bay, Southeastern Brazil. Therefore, a remediating plan implemented by the government, with the participation of all stakeholders, may produce the desired effects in medium and long run. Guanabara Bay has an environmental, social, and economic importance for the region around its basin. Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: nutrient sources, composition, and consequences. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). It has been estimated a low-income population living around Guanabara Bay of ca. The harbor is the main source of transporting goods and products from different places. 52. Ruellan, F. (1944). doi: 10.1590/S1679-87592007000100004, Granli, E., Carlsson, P., and Legrand, C. (1999). They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. (2012) found significant correlation between vibrio abundances and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations (see Figure 5). Rio de Janeiro: PPGE-UFRJ, 3559. The term Corcovado means hunchback. Guanabara Bay is the second largest bay in area in Brazil (after the All Saints' Bay ), at 412 square kilometres (159 sq mi), with a perimeter of 143 kilometres (89 mi). Their occurrence in the Guanabara Bay waters indicates a potential threat to fish stocks and a possible explanation to the recent fish kill events observed in the area. In general, the innermost sites are characterized by low salinity (due to fluvial and sewage input), very high nutrient concentrations, and often low levels of dissolved oxygen as a result of the eutrophication process. The data show hydrogeochemical evolution of Ca-HCO 3 to Na-Cl facies with significant loss of Ca and increase of Na. Geogr. Biodiversity of vibrios. Sequencing of ca. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031408, Guenther, M., Lima, I., Mugrabe, G., Tenenbaum, D. R., Gonzalez-Rodriguez, E., and Valentin, J. L. (2012). (2010). These vast areas lack sewage collection and disposal systems. Villac, M. C., and Tenenbaum, D. R. (2010). Biota Neotrop. In these sense, aquatic microorganisms are reliable and efficient biosensors, as they have fast growth rates, and reflect environmental changes rapidly. Brasil. Shelf Res. Water quality zones show a good correspondence with chlorophyll a (Chla) concentrations recorded in the literature (Mayr et al., 1989; Paranhos et al., 1998; Paranhos et al., 2001; Santos et al., 2007) which are shown here by different colors. Coelho, V. M. B. The bay is named after a river that actually does not exist. (Prasinophyceae). Guanabara Bay is part of a large ecosystem that forms the Guanabara Bay drainage basin. Rev. In Chesapeake Bay, water-quality parameters such as total suspended solids and chlorophyll-a (Chla) concentration decrease in the lower bay region under high tidal currents, while the tidal effect are small or negligible in the middle and large part of the upper bay region (Shi et al., 2013). It is the second largest bay in area in Brazil (after the All Saints Bay), at 412 square kilometers (159 square miles), with a perimeter of 143kilometers(89 miles). At the clearer waters at the entrance of the bay, phytoplankton community is dominated by autotrophs (except at depth, where the light decreases) (Guenther et al., 2012). The BBC's Julia Carneiro in Rio de Janeiro says that it will be a race against time if the city's Guanabara Bay is to be free of pollution ahead of Olympic sailing competitions. 50, 131141. Currents are also semi-diurnal, with flood currents (1.25 m s-1 at the surface and 1 m s-1 near the bottom) being faster than ebb currents (1 m s-1 at the surface and 0.55 m s-1 near the bottom). (2008). Pollut. Guanabara Bay, Portuguese Baa de Guanabara, bay of the Atlantic Ocean, southeastern Brazil, with Rio de Janeiro on its southwest shore and Niteri on its southeast. Anthropogenic nutrients and harmful algae in coastal waters. In the areas where dilution by seawater is higher as a consequence of tidal mixing (i.e., the central channel and the eastern part of the bay), water quality is significantly better (Table 1 and Figure 3). The weather is nice and the humidity has not set in. Chesapeake Bay, for example, has been carrying a program to recover the watersheds water-quality for nearly three decades18,19 (the Chesapeake Bay Program CBP). Solid waste is also present and visible in several areas of the bays margins (Figure 1b), including beaches that are commonly used for recreation. A case study of in situ oil contamination in a mangrove swamp (Rio De Janeiro. The anthropogenic impacts in the bay are flagged by heavy eutrophication and by the emergence of pathogenic microorganisms that are either carried by domestic and/or hospital waste (e.g., virus, KPC-producing bacteria, and fecal coliforms), or that proliferate in such conditions (e.g., vibrios). Harmful algal blooms: a global overview, in Manual of Harmful Marine Microalgae, eds G. M. Hallegraeff, D. M. Anderson, and A. D. Cembella (Paris: International Oceanographic Commission), 122. Microbiol. 4 million urban inhabitants, which corresponds to 45% of the basins population. Archaeal communities in a tropical estuarine ecosystem: Guanabara Bay, Brazil. Available at: http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2000/, IBGE (2010). IBGE. Richard B. Cathcart. Most studies that investigated long-term trends (e.g., Paranhos et al., 1993, 1995; Contador and Paranhos, 1996; Mayr, 1998) found an increase in pollutants load into the bay and a corresponding decrease in water quality. Resour. (2013). However, in these areas, there is the opportunity for concomitant implementation of sanitation, preventing the degradation that happened at the other parts of the bay, and which is much more difficult and expensive to restore. Thus, implementation of a continuous monitoring program is essential to provide information about the causes of these events. Evidence of the effects of water quality on residential land prices. Sponge associated archaea, as well as the diversity of ammonia oxidizing genes within them, were shown to adapt according to the gradient of anthropogenic impact to which the sponges are submitted (Turque et al., 2010). One aspect which makes the Harbor of Rio de Janeiro more famous is the humongous statue of Christ the Redeemer which stands tall, overlooking the city from its location high up on Corcovado Mountain. This is a reflex of the poor water quality of the rivers on the basin. In its surroundings live circa 16 million inhabitants, out of which 6 million live in Rio de Janeiro city, one of the largest cities of the country, and the host of the 2016 Olympic Games. Between these two extremes, a gradient of decreasing pollution is created toward the Atlantic Ocean. One of the largest actions was the Program for Remediation of Guanabara Bay (PDBG) that began in 1994, as a cooperation between the Inter-American Development Bank, the government of Rio de Janeiro State, and the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC). A Baa de Guanabara forma um maravilhoso e amplo porto natural com entrada restrita. *Correspondence: Fabiano L. Thompson, fabianothompson1@gmail.com, Anthropogenic impacts on the microbial ecology and function of aquatic environments, View all Science 321, 365367. Remote Sens. Acad. The phytoplankton of Guanabara Bay, Brazil. As an example, approximately 14% of households have no bathrooms and tap water in the Duque de Caxias area (Comisso Nacional Sobre Determinantes Sociais da Sade, 2008). Interesting facts about Peter Paul Rubens. O Sistema Planctnico da Baa de Guanabara: Sntese do Conhecimento. This prompt response from authorities decreased the nutrient load and, consequently, the number of HABs, which is maintained under control up to this date (Imai et al., 2006). Contador, L., and Paranhos, R. (1996). Gomes, C. L., Marazzo, A., and Valentin, J. L. (2004). Currently, efforts toward the recovery of Guanabara Bay have gained new inputs, motivated by the fact that the city of Rio de Janeiro is going to host the 2016 Olympic Games. The Harbor of Rio de Janeiro is one of the seven natural wonders of the world. Vertical stratification of the water column is most pronounced in the shallow inner parts of bay, near stream discharges, and is correlated to the rainy and dry seasons: during the rainy period (October to April) temperatures are higher and salinities are lower, with the presence of thermo- and haloclines, while during the dry season (May to September) temperatures are lower, salinities are higher and there is no stratification (Paranhos and Mayr, 1993; Paranhos et al., 1993). The use and misuse of antibiotics throughout the decades has created a strong selective pressure that favors antibiotic resistant strains (Martnez, 2008). Sugar Loaf, Portuguese Po de Acar, landmark peak overlooking Rio de Janeiro and the entrance of Guanabara Bay, in southeastern Brazil. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. May 13, 2020 by admin. In Guanabara Bay there are several sources of contaminants discharge into the bay, from untreated domestic euents to industrial waste, which causes inputs of organic matter, nutrients, hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and large amounts of suspended solids. Bras. 35, 4556. (2001) suggested that this higher abundance of protozooplankton in the inner sites could exert a top-down control on bacterial population in these areas. The experience from the recovery of other coastal areas around the world also reveal that remediation programs are not an easy task and some of the results may take time to produce the desired effects. Nutr. Statistically speaking, Guanabara Bay, or the Harbor of Rio de Janeiro, is the largest bay in the world based on volume of water. Note: Guanabara Bay does have an issue with pollution - this is supposed to be remedied in time for the 2016 Olympics. Consequently, a gradual change in the microbial community toward: (i) an increase in Alphaproteobacteria and Flavobacteria is foreseen, with also (ii) a shift back to phototrophic dominated phytoplankton community (as previous conditions, and as it was observed in the Black Sea, see Bodeanu, 1993), and (iii) a decrease in Chla concentration and on the frequency of algal bloom (Edmondson, 1970; Anderson et al., 2002; Imai et al., 2006). Furthermore, when society perceives water quality improvement, they increase their willingness to pay for its improvement, as it was observed in Chesapeake Bay (Bockstael et al., 1989; Leggett and Bockstael, 2000). Corcovado is the highest mountain of the harbor. Plankton Benthos Res. This population lives in areas with no sanitation, i.e., their sewage is discharged untreated either into the bay or into its tributaries. Rio de Janeiro region. Microbiol. Its current state endangers wildlife and poses risks to human populations that use this water resource. All these studies, however, point out that it is difficult to make conclusive analyses due to the irregularity of the data over time, because of the lack of a continuous and integrated monitoring program. The industries around the bay are responsible for 20% of the organic load input, and for most of the toxic substances discharged into the bay. doi: 10.4257/oeco.2008.1201.15. Likewise, for Guanabara Bay it was found significant differences in the water quality between tidal stages (the quality being better at high tide, at the maximum tide dilution). (2012). Environmental shaping of sponge associated archaeal communities. Nevertheless, the high number of microalgae species recorded demonstrates the great ecological relevance of this system and the importance of recovering it. A cable car runs from its summit to the adjacent Urca Hill, near the foot of which is the site of the Praia Vermelha Campus of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Otherwise, the bottom of the bay consists mostly of mud deposits (Amador, 1980). Technol. Furthermore, a significant pattern is the uncontrolled and disordered occupation of land by slums on the hills in Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, taking over the remaining forest areas. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation, 209. Additionally, severe effects of pollution can impact all levels of the aquatic trophic web. 9. Recent observations based on a monthly monitoring program (PELD Guanabara) carried out by our research group shows a somewhat permanent bloom of Tetraselmis spp. SEA (2011). These two bloom-forming microalgal species are known fish-killer species in coastal waters worldwide (Imai and Yamaguchi, 2012; Place et al., 2012; Nishikawa et al., 2014). Estuaries 18, 285314. It connects the major cities of Rio and Niteroi for ease of travel from one place to the other. 39, 121144. Aguiar, V. M. C., Neto, J. Two pathogenic vibrio species previously isolated from Guanabara Bay (Vibrio alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus) and also the infective Photobacterium damselae, V. harveyi, V. rotiferianus, and V. xuii were retrieved from fishes (Brevoortia aurea, Clupeidae, known as Brazilian menhaden) during a mass mortality event in 2014. In the northwest and central parts of the bay, low oxygen dissolved values are related to waste discharges with . The answer comes from the other name - Guanabara Bay. Salinity in the bay ranges from 13 to 36 (Mayr et al., 1989). J. Oceanogr. A bay is a body of water that is partly enclosed by land. Brazil Current, GIWA Regional Assessment 39. There are different urban landscapes surrounding the bay, such as industries (a), slums (b), metropolis (c,d). doi: 10.1007/BF02804901, Angel, R., Matthies, D., and Conrad, R. (2011). doi: 10.1016/S0278-4343(97)00028-9, Kristiansson, E., Fick, J., Janzon, A., Grabic, R., Rutgersson, C., Weijdegrd, B., et al. A more recent study, which used a different approach to investigate water quality trends in Guabanabra Bay, casted new light on temporal trends. Explorers in 16th century thought that they were in a wide-mouthed river. As causas sociais das iniquidades em sade no Brasil. A recent large-scale fish kill episode, and a long trend decrease in fish stocks also reflects the bays degraded water quality. It is naturally set in a balloon shaped bay. Front. Evol. It has been estimated that 10,000 t month-1 of hazardous substances are produced in the Guanabara Bays Basin (Coelho, 2007). doi: 10.1126/science.1159483. Circulation inside the bay is a composition of gravitational (which presents bidirectional flux: toward the ocean in the surface, and toward the continent near the bottom) and residual tide circulation, which are affected by the prevailing wind. 62, 19151919. Demographia World Urban Areas (Build-Up Urban Areas as World Agglomerations), 10th Annual Edn, 129. P. parvus, usually occurring in deeper and colder waters, almost disappeared from the inner part of the bay and does not seem to be adapted to highly polluted environments, whereas A. tonsa, found in estuarine waters worldwide, persists there in reasonably high proportions and appears capable of adapting and surviving in the unfavorable conditions of the polluted areas of the Guanabara Bay. Sewage is one of the forms by which these organisms can spread from the human organism to the aquatic environment, and wastewater discharges have been shown to contribute to the dissemination of antibiotic resistant organisms and resistance genes (Kristiansson et al., 2011; Czekalski et al., 2012; Taco et al., 2012). The presence of toxic and potentially harmful phytoplankton species in Guanabara Bay is a problem that may affect not only higher trophic levels of the aquatic food web, but also human populations. The marine cladoceran Penilia avirostris and the microbial loop of pelagic food web. This is one of the most densely populated areas in the world, which includes numerous slums that do not have basic sanitation systems. Moreover, higher density of fish eggs and larvae were recorded in the less polluted areas at the entrance of the bay and in the central channel (Valentin et al., 1999). Brazil). Cambridge: The MIT Press. Eutrophication history of Guanabara Bay (SE Brazil) recorded by phosphorus flux to sediments from a degraded mangrove rea. This mountain range that rims the edge of the Guanabara Bay continues 1500 kilometers (932 miles) along the coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro. Thus, they should be taken as an alert and an opportunity to establish an adequate monitoring program. Water quality trends in Urca inlet (Guanabara Bay, Brazil) between 1986 and 1992. For site location see Figure 3. Inst. Assess. Rio de Janeiro is world-widely known for its many natural beauties, among which are included Guanabara Bay. Diel variation of water quality in a pollution gradiente in a tropical polluted bay. Both these variables were shown to be dependent on orthophosphate and ammonia concentrations. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015774. The most common means of seeing this wonder are to travel to the tops of the surrounding granite peaks that overlook the harbor. If all ongoing plans are implemented, the restoration of Guanabara Bay and its shores may be one of the best legacies of the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro. 10, 271293. Allelopathy in Alexandrium spp: effect on a natural plankton community and on algal monocultures. Received: 04 June 2015; Accepted: 22 October 2015;Published: 20 November 2015. It was formed naturally by erosion from the Atlantic Ocean. Microb. FIGURE 2. An independent investigation carried by the Associated Press revealed the presence of high levels of viruses (such as adenovirus, rotavirus, and enterovirus) and bacteria. (2001). Despite enduring decades of severe environmental degradation, Guanabara Bay still present some resilience and, because of its hydrodynamic characteristics, the capacity to recover from these impacts, providing that sanitary measures to recover the bay and prevent further degradation are taken. Science 169, 690691. Baia de Guanabara Uma Histria de Agresso Ambiental. The role of C, N and P in dissolved and particulate organic matter as a nutrient source for phytoplankton growth, including toxic species. 6:1232. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01232. The State of Guanabara ( Portuguese: Estado da Guanabara, IPA: [wnaba]) was a state of Brazil from 1960 to 1975, which included the city of Rio de Janeiro. Braz. Agroecosyst. However, this high species richness does not reflect the diversity of the bay, since diversity is influenced by the relative abundance of species (i.e., if the environment is dominated by one or few species). Rio de Janeiro: SEMADS, 73. 203, 2735. Altogether these facts indicate that untreated domestic and hospital waste/sewage are relevant sources of microbial contamination to the bay (Coutinho et al., 2014). In Seto Inland Sea, a region that played important role to the economic growth of Japan in the 1960s, incidents of HABs had dramatically increased in connection to increase in eutrophication in the 1960s and 1970s, until a bloom of the toxic raphidophyte Chattonella antiqua in 1972 caused a large fish-killing event which resulted in large economic losses (7.1 billion yen). The experiences from the recovery of other bays around the world should be used as examples of what works and what is necessary for an efficient recovery strategy. To reach these marks, other WWTPs are also being expanded (e.g., WWTP Sarapui, and WWTP So Gonalo) (Infraestrutura Urbana, 2011). A good example of long-term monitoring is the one carried in the Seto Inland Sea by the Fisheries Technology Institute of Hyogo Prefecture (Imai et al., 2006; Nishikawa et al., 2014). Rev. Sites where resistant bacteria were found are marked with a star (), according to Coutinho et al. The high input of nutrients into the bay results in strong hypoxic conditions near the bottom sediment (see OD values, Table 1). Therefore, diversity is a better indicator of the impact level in the system than species richness. In the 1970s, several beaches in the inner bay (e.g., Ramos and Caju) were massively used for recreation, particularly by the population living in the north area of Rio de Janeiro city. According to official information from the State Government of Rio de Janeiro, the efforts being made toward increasing the capacity of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), including the construction of new plants, to reach the goals set before the Olympic Committee have increased the percentage of treated sewage from 17 to 49%6 (O Globo). 138, 6576. Small time scale plankton structure variations at the entrance of a tropical eutrophic bay (Guanabara Bay. Limnol. 54, 460468. With this pact, the government intended to expand the access to sanitation for the population of Rio de Janeiro State, which encompassed (i) supply of potable water, (ii) wastewater treatment, (iii) urban cleaning services and solid waste management, and (iv) stormwater runoff drainage system. A. A., Deeds, J. R., and Sheng, J. Harmful Algae 14, 4670. It was discovered by Portuguese explorers led by Goncalo Coelho, on January 1, 1502. Monit. The harbor is situated in Rio de Janeiro, along the southeast coast of Brazil. (2012). 52, 723742. Furthermore, solid waste also results in slurry production, from which an unknown amounts leaches to the bay. Relative abundance of phylogenetic groups to metagenomes (at class level) in three sites of Guanabara Bay (modified from Gregoracci et al., 2012). Amador, E. (1997). I. doi: 10.4319/lo.1988.33.2.0245, Turque, A. S., Batista, D., Silveira, C. B., Cardoso, A. M., Vieira, R. P., Moraes, F. C., et al. The problem isn't new but the prospect of Olympic swimmers and sailors taking to Rio's contaminated waters have. This monitoring revealed that, mostly, the remediation program reduced the concentration of contaminates (e.g., of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs, and, to some extent, polychlorinated biphenyls PCBs); however, metals (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn) showed little spatial-temporal variability (Walker et al., 2013a,b; Walker and MacAskill, 2014). AC, SP Jr. RV made all the maps presented in the article. The Harbor of Rio de Janeiro is 31 kilometers (19.2 miles) long and 28 kilometers (17.3 miles) wide at its maximum. Considering the scenery and leisurely pace on the water, this is a relaxing way to gain a new perspective on the immensity and beauty of the Rio De Janeiro area. Nevertheless, there are still circa 90 km2 of a fringing mangrove system bordering the inner margins of the bay, which includes the Guapimirim Environmental Protection Area (Pires, 1992). The Study on the Recuperation of the Guanabara Bay Ecosystem, Vol.

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